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Match the following descriptions to their correct veins.

Drains muscles of thoracic wall and leads to azygos vein

Drains blood from the posterior compartment of the leg

Drains blood from anterior compartment of the distal leg

Drains blood from lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein

 
Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"A","dropdown-group-2":"C","dropdown-group-3":"B","dropdown-group-4":"D"}

Answer:

  • Drains muscles of thoracic wall and leads to azygos vein: Intercostal vein
  • Drains blood from the posterior compartment of the leg: Posterior tibial vein
  • Drains blood from anterior compartment of the distal leg: Anterior tibial vein
  • Drains blood from lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein: Cephalic vein

Rationale for correct choices

• Intercostal vein: Intercostal veins drain the muscles and tissues of the thoracic wall and typically empty into the azygos or hemiazygos system. They play a crucial role in returning deoxygenated blood from the thoracic region to the superior vena cava. This pathway provides collateral circulation between the upper and lower parts of the body.

• Posterior tibial vein: The posterior tibial vein drains the posterior compartment of the leg, including the calf muscles and plantar surface of the foot. It runs alongside the posterior tibial artery and contributes to the deep venous system of the lower limb. Proper functioning ensures efficient return of blood to the popliteal and femoral veins.

• Anterior tibial vein: The anterior tibial vein drains blood from the anterior compartment of the distal leg, including the tibialis anterior and extensor muscles. It travels alongside the anterior tibial artery and joins the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein. This vein is key to returning oxygen-depleted blood from the lower leg to the central circulation.

• Cephalic vein: The cephalic vein is a superficial vein that drains the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein. It is commonly used for intravenous access due to its accessibility. It plays a major role in returning blood from the upper limb to the central venous system.

Rationale for incorrect choices

• Thoracic vein: The thoracic vein is a general term and does not specifically refer to the intercostal drainage system. It is nonspecific and does not match the description of draining the thoracic wall into the azygos vein.

• Basilic vein: The basilic vein drains the medial aspect of the arm and joins the brachial vein, not the axillary vein directly via the lateral aspect. Its pathway is along the medial side, which does not correspond to the description of lateral arm drainage.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and reduced urine output: A decrease in GFR typically occurs in response to low blood pressure or renal hypoperfusion, not increased blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure tends to increase glomerular hydrostatic pressure, promoting filtration rather than reducing it.

B. No change in GFR due to homeostatic mechanisms: While the kidneys have autoregulatory mechanisms, such as afferent arteriole constriction, that help maintain GFR within a normal range, an immediate rise in systemic blood pressure can temporarily increase GFR before these mechanisms fully compensate.

C. Increased urine concentration without affecting blood volume: Increased urine concentration occurs when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the nephron, usually in response to dehydration or low blood volume. It does not represent the direct effect of elevated blood pressure on kidney filtration.

D. Increased GFR, leading to higher urine output and lower blood volume: When blood pressure rises, glomerular hydrostatic pressure increases, directly enhancing filtration. This results in more filtrate formation, higher urine output, and consequently a reduction in blood volume, representing the kidney’s immediate response to elevated systemic pressure through direct filtration regulation.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. By suppressing respiratory centers to reduce oxygen consumption: Chemoreceptors do not suppress respiration in response to acidosis. Instead, they activate respiratory centers to increase ventilation, helping to remove carbon dioxide and raise blood pH toward normal. Suppressing respiration would worsen acidemia.

B. By stimulating the cardioinhibitory centers to decrease heart rate: Chemoreceptors primarily influence ventilation and sympathetic outflow rather than directly decreasing heart rate. While extreme hypoxia or hypercapnia can modulate cardiac activity, the immediate response to low pH involves increasing sympathetic drive, not reducing heart rate.

C. By increasing cardiac output and vasoconstriction to enhance circulation: Peripheral chemoreceptors detect low pH (high hydrogen ion concentration) and low oxygen levels, triggering sympathetic activation. This increases cardiac output and causes systemic vasoconstriction, helping maintain perfusion and oxygen delivery to vital organs while ventilation corrects acid-base imbalance.

D. By signaling the kidneys to excrete more hydrogen ions: While the kidneys play a key role in long-term acid-base regulation by excreting hydrogen ions, chemoreceptors act rapidly through the nervous system. Renal compensation is slower and does not constitute the immediate response to a drop in blood pH.

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