Ms. Smith has insurance through her employer and signed up for full dental insurance just before her daughter required braces. When her daughter stopped wearing braces, she dropped the dental coverage. This is an example of:
Supplier-induced demand
Catastrophic hazard
Adverse selection
Moral hazard
The Correct Answer is C
Information asymmetry in insurance occurs when the insured party possesses more knowledge about their likely future healthcare needs than the insurer. This lead to behaviors that destabilize the risk pool, as individuals only enter or exit the market based on their anticipated costs. This phenomenon impacts premium pricing and the overall sustainability of private and employer-based health insurance plans.
Rationale:
A. Supplier-induced demand occurs when a healthcare provider influences a patient's demand for care to align with the provider's interests, such as increasing revenue. In this scenario, the decision to get and drop insurance was made by the consumer, not the dentist. There is no evidence of a provider over-prescribing services or products here.
B. Catastrophic hazard refers to an unpredictable, large-scale event that causes massive losses for an insurance company, such as a natural disaster. Braces for a child represent a predictable, personal healthcare expense rather than a systemic threat to the insurer. It does not fit the definition of a catastrophic risk in health economics.
C. Adverse selection occurs when individuals with a high probability of loss (high risk) are more likely to purchase insurance, while those with low risk drop out. Ms. Smith chose to insure only when she knew expenses were imminent and canceled when the risk subsided. This behavior creates a risk imbalance that can lead to increased costs for all insured members.
D. Moral hazard refers to the tendency of insured individuals to consume more healthcare services simply because they are not paying the full cost out of pocket. While Ms. Smith used the insurance, the primary issue is the timing of enrollment based on known future needs. This specific act of joining and leaving is the hallmark of asymmetric risk selection.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
Titanium dioxide is a versatile pharmaceutical excipient frequently incorporated into solid dosage forms to enhance product stability and appearance. It is a naturally occurring oxide that possesses a high refractive index, allowing it to scatter light effectively. In capsule manufacturing, it protects photosensitive active ingredients from degradation by blocking UV and visible light. It also provides a clean, white base that ensures color uniformity in the final medicinal product.
Rationale:
A. A diluent is an inert filler used to create a practical bulk for the tablet or capsule content. Titanium dioxide is used in very small quantities within the capsule shell itself, not as a bulk-forming agent for the powder inside. It does not contribute to the flow properties or weight uniformity of the active medication. Therefore, it does not function as a pharmaceutical diluent.
B. A buffering agent is used to resist changes in pH within a liquid or solid formulation to maintain chemical stability. Titanium dioxide is chemically inert and does not possess the ionic properties required to act as a pH buffer. Its role is strictly physical and optical rather than chemical or ionic. It cannot modulate the acid-base balance of the medication.
C. A solubilizer is an excipient used to increase the solubility of a poorly water-soluble drug. Titanium dioxide is actually insoluble in water and organic solvents. It does not possess surfactant properties or the ability to form micelles to aid drug dissolution. Its presence in the shell does not assist in the bioavailability of the pregabalin contained within.
D. A suspending agent is used in liquid formulations to reduce the sedimentation rate of insoluble particles. Since titanium dioxide in this context is embedded within a solid gelatin shell, it is not acting to stabilize a liquid suspension. It does not alter the viscosity of a medium to keep particles aloft. Its function is permanent and structural within the hard-shell capsule.
E. Coating agent; opacifier; pigment is the correct functional description. Titanium dioxide acts as an opacifier, making the capsule shell opaque to protect the contents from light-induced degradation. As a pigment, it provides a white color or acts as a base for other dyes, ensuring the product is easily identifiable. This enhances both the shelf-life and the professional aesthetic of the Lyrica capsule.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Szasz and Hollender developed a framework to describe the dynamics of the patient-provider relationship based on the patient's level of function. These models describe how clinical authority is distributed during the therapeutic encounter. The choice of model often depends on the severity of the medical condition and the patient's ability to contribute to their own care. Understanding these models helps practitioners adapt their communication style to improve outcomes.
Rationale:
A. Activity-passivity is a model where the practitioner is entirely in control and the patient is a passive recipient of care. This occurs in emergency situations, such as when a patient is unconscious or in a coma. There is no opportunity for partnership because the patient cannot communicate. It represents the most paternalistic end of the care spectrum.
B. Guidance-cooperation occurs when the practitioner tells the patient what to do, and the patient complies with the instructions. This is common in acute infections where the doctor prescribes an antibiotic and the patient follows the regimen. While there is cooperation, it is not a true partnership, as the provider retains the majority of the decision-making power.
C. Mutual participation is the correct term for a partnership where the patient and practitioner work together as equals. This model is most effective for chronic disease management, such as diabetes, where the patient's daily choices are vital. It involves shared decision-making and recognizes the patient as an expert in their own life experience and health goals.
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