Prions are misfolded proteins that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals by inducing normal proteins to also misfold. Key examples include Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans
True
False
The Correct Answer is A
Prions are infectious agents composed solely of misfolded proteins, lacking DNA or RNA. They cause neurodegenerative diseases by inducing normally folded host proteins to adopt the abnormal prion conformation, leading to protein aggregation and neuronal damage. This mechanism results in progressive, fatal disorders affecting the brain and nervous system. In humans, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a key example, while in animals, scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (“mad cow disease”) are notable prion diseases. Prions are resistant to standard sterilization procedures, making them particularly challenging to control in medical and agricultural settings.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. It stores genetic material and regulates transcription: Genetic material is stored within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where DNA serves as the template for RNA transcription. The cytoskeleton does not contain DNA nor directly influence transcriptional processes.
B. It provides structural support and facilitates intracellular transport and movement: The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments, including microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. It maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, and enables intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles via motor proteins. Additionally, it supports cell motility, endocytosis, and mitotic spindle formation, integrating both structural and functional roles.
C. It synthesizes proteins for secretion: Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes, often attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which directs newly synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus for secretion. The cytoskeleton facilitates transport of these vesicles but does not itself synthesize proteins.
D. It produces ATP through cellular respiration: ATP is primarily produced by mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation. The cytoskeleton does not generate energy directly, although it supports the positioning and movement of mitochondria within the cell to meet localized energy demands.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Smallpox, caused by the Variolavirus, is the only human disease that has been completely eradicated globally through vaccination efforts. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched an intensive smallpox eradication campaign in 1967, using the vaccinia virus to immunize populations worldwide. Vaccination created herd immunity, interrupting transmission of the virus between humans, as humans were the only reservoir for smallpox. The last naturally occurring case was reported in 1977, and in 1980, WHO officially declared smallpox eradicated.
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