The average intravenous dose of doxorubicin for children is 30 mg/m2. (1) is the dose for a child weighing 48 lb and 115 cm in height. Round answer to the nearest tenth. Do not include units.

Step 1. Convert ratios to percentages.

1 : 25 = (1/25) x 100 = 4%

1 : 500 = (1/500) x 100 = 0.2%

1 : 250 = (1/250) x 100 = 0.4%

Step 2. Set up alligation.

Higher: 4%

Lower: 0.2%

Target: 0.4%

Step 3. Calculate parts.

Parts of 4% = 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2 parts

Parts of 0.2% = 4 - 0.4 = 3.6 parts

Total parts = 0.2 + 3.6 = 3.8 parts

Step 4. Calculate volumes for 1000 mL (1 L).

Vol of 1 : 25 (4%) = (0.2 / 3.8) x 1000 = 52.63 mL (rounds to 53 mL)

Vol of 1 : 500 (0.2%) = (3.6 / 3.8) x 1000 = 947.37 mL

(rounds to 947 mL)

Titanium dioxide is a versatile pharmaceutical excipient frequently incorporated into solid dosage forms to enhance product stability and appearance. It is a naturally occurring oxide that possesses a high refractive index, allowing it to scatter light effectively. In capsule manufacturing, it protects photosensitive active ingredients from degradation by blocking UV and visible light. It also provides a clean, white base that ensures color uniformity in the final medicinal product.

Rationale:

A. A diluent is an inert filler used to create a practical bulk for the tablet or capsule content. Titanium dioxide is used in very small quantities within the capsule shell itself, not as a bulk-forming agent for the powder inside. It does not contribute to the flow properties or weight uniformity of the active medication. Therefore, it does not function as a pharmaceutical diluent.

B. A buffering agent is used to resist changes in pH within a liquid or solid formulation to maintain chemical stability. Titanium dioxide is chemically inert and does not possess the ionic properties required to act as a pH buffer. Its role is strictly physical and optical rather than chemical or ionic. It cannot modulate the acid-base balance of the medication.

C. A solubilizer is an excipient used to increase the solubility of a poorly water-soluble drug. Titanium dioxide is actually insoluble in water and organic solvents. It does not possess surfactant properties or the ability to form micelles to aid drug dissolution. Its presence in the shell does not assist in the bioavailability of the pregabalin contained within.

D. A suspending agent is used in liquid formulations to reduce the sedimentation rate of insoluble particles. Since titanium dioxide in this context is embedded within a solid gelatin shell, it is not acting to stabilize a liquid suspension. It does not alter the viscosity of a medium to keep particles aloft. Its function is permanent and structural within the hard-shell capsule.

E. Coating agent; opacifier; pigment is the correct functional description. Titanium dioxide acts as an opacifier, making the capsule shell opaque to protect the contents from light-induced degradation. As a pigment, it provides a white color or acts as a base for other dyes, ensuring the product is easily identifiable. This enhances both the shelf-life and the professional aesthetic of the Lyrica capsule.