The infectious agent that causes AIDS is a
virus.
bacterium.
yeast.
protozoan
The Correct Answer is A
A. Virus: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a retrovirus with RNA as its genetic material and uses reverse transcriptase to integrate into the host genome. HIV specifically targets CD4+ T lymphocytes, leading to progressive immune system compromise.
B. Bacterium: Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms with their own cellular machinery for replication. They can cause diseases such as tuberculosis or strep throat but cannot cause AIDS. HIV is a viral pathogen, not a bacterial one.
C. Yeast: Yeasts are eukaryotic fungi, such as Candida species, which can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts. While HIV infection increases susceptibility to yeast infections, yeasts themselves are not the causative agent of AIDS.
D. Protozoan: Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, some of which can cause diseases like malaria or toxoplasmosis. They are not responsible for AIDS, although protozoan infections may occur as opportunistic infections in individuals with advanced HIV disease.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Pili, also called sex pili, are hair-like appendages on the surface of many bacteria that are longer than fimbriae and play a key role in bacterial conjugation. During conjugation, a donor bacterium uses a pilus to attach to a recipient cell and transfer genetic material, typically plasmids, which can carry genes for antibiotic resistance or other traits. Fimbriae, in contrast, are shorter and primarily function in adhesion to surfaces or host tissues, not in genetic exchange. The structural and functional distinction between pili and fimbriae allows bacteria to both attach to environments and share genetic information for survival and adaptation.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Fermentation: Fermentation is a metabolic process in which microorganisms, such as yeast and some bacteria, convert sugars (e.g., glucose) into alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions. This process is utilized in the production of alcoholic beverages, bread, and certain biofuels, and it also allows microorganisms to generate energy when oxygen is limited.
B. Pasteurization: Pasteurization is a heat-treatment process designed to reduce microbial load in food and beverages, such as milk and juice, to prevent spoilage and pathogen transmission. It does not involve the conversion of sugars to alcohol and is not a microbial metabolic process.
C. Tyndallization: Tyndallization is a method of sterilization using intermittent boiling to destroy heat-resistant bacterial spores over multiple cycles. It is a physical control technique and does not involve sugar metabolism or alcohol production.
D. Lyophilization: Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, is a preservation method that removes water from a substance by sublimation under vacuum. It is used for long-term storage of biological materials and does not include the microbial conversion of sugars to ethanol.
E. Alcoholism: Alcoholism is a medical condition characterized by chronic, compulsive consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is a behavioral and physiological disorder, not a microbial metabolic process.
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