The nurse in the ICU is admitting a 57-year-old man with a diagnosis of possible septic shock. The nurse's assessment reveals that the patient has a normal blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased bowel sounds, and cold, clammy skin. The nurse's analysis of these data should lead to what preliminary conclusion?
The patient is in the compensatory stage of shock.
The patient is in the progressive stage of shock.
The patient will stabilize and be released by tomorrow.
The patient is in the refractory stage of shock.
The Correct Answer is A
Rationale:
A. The patient exhibits signs of compensatory (early) shock, including tachycardia to maintain cardiac output, normal blood pressure due to vasoconstriction, cold and clammy skin from peripheral vasoconstriction, and decreased bowel sounds from shunting blood away from the gastrointestinal tract. During this stage, the body is actively compensating to maintain perfusion to vital organs despite underlying circulatory compromise.
B. Progressive stage of shock occurs when compensatory mechanisms fail. Hallmarks include hypotension, worsening tachycardia, rapid shallow respirations, mental status changes, oliguria, and worsening acidosis. This patient still has a normal blood pressure, indicating that shock has not yet progressed to this stage.
C. Predicting stabilization and discharge is inappropriate. Although the patient is in the early stage, septic shock can progress rapidly without prompt intervention. Immediate monitoring and treatment are required to prevent progression to progressive or refractory shock.
D. The refractory stage of shock represents irreversible organ failure despite aggressive interventions. Clinical signs include severe hypotension, profound hypoperfusion, and multi-organ dysfunction. This patient has not reached this stage, as blood pressure is still maintained and organ systems have not failed.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["C","D"]
Explanation
Rationale:
A. A temperature of 99.9°F (37.7°C) does not meet the SIRS criterion, which requires a temperature greater than 100.4°F (38°C) or less than 96.8°F (36°C). Mild elevations below this threshold are insufficient to indicate systemic inflammation.
B. A heart rate of 85 beats/min is within the normal adult range. SIRS requires tachycardia >90 beats/min, so this finding does not meet the diagnostic criteria for SIRS.
C. A respiratory rate of 24 breaths/min meets the SIRS criterion of tachypnea >20 breaths/min. Tachypnea is an early physiological response to systemic inflammation, reflecting increased oxygen demand and compensatory mechanisms to maintain tissue perfusion.
D. A WBC count of 15,000 cells/mm³ indicates leukocytosis, which fulfills the SIRS criterion of WBC >12,000/mm³. Elevated WBC reflects activation of the immune system and systemic inflammation, a hallmark of SIRS.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used to reduce myocardial oxygen demand in conditions such as angina or heart failure. In septic shock with hypotension, vasodilation is already present; giving nitroglycerin would worsen hypotension.
B. Dobutamine is an inotropic agent that increases cardiac contractility and can improve cardiac output, but it does not reliably increase blood pressure. In septic shock with persistent hypotension despite fluids, the primary need is vasoconstriction to restore perfusion pressure.
C. Norepinephrine (Levophed) is the first-line vasoactive medication for septic shock that is unresponsive to fluids. It is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases systemic vascular resistance, thereby raising mean arterial pressure (MAP) and improving perfusion to vital organs. It also has mild inotropic effects, which can help support cardiac output.
D. Sodium nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator used for hypertensive crises and heart failure with high afterload. It would be dangerous in septic shock with hypotension, as it would further lower blood pressure.
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