The nurse is educating a group of pregnant clients about substances and exposures that can harm fetal development. Which of the following are considered teratogens? (Select All that Apply.)

A. Provide job training: While job training may improve long-term socioeconomic status, it does not directly address the immediate barriers maternity patients face in accessing health care. The focus should be on interventions that improve access to prenatal and perinatal services.

B. Provide transportation to prenatal visits: Lack of reliable transportation is a major barrier to receiving timely prenatal care. Providing transportation ensures that pregnant women can attend regular checkups, improving early detection of complications and maternal-fetal outcomes.

C. Provide low-cost or no-cost health care insurance: Financial constraints often limit access to quality maternity care. Affordable or free health coverage helps women obtain prenatal screenings, nutritional counseling, and necessary interventions throughout pregnancy.

D. Mandate that physicians make house calls: Mandating house calls is impractical and not a sustainable solution for improving access. Expanding community health programs and outreach services is more feasible and cost-effective for supporting pregnant women.

E. Provide child care so that a pregnant woman may keep prenatal visits: Many women miss prenatal appointments due to lack of child care. Offering safe and accessible child care services removes this barrier and encourages consistent participation in prenatal care.

A. Extending postpartum hospital stays offers limited benefit in reducing infant mortality, as most neonatal deaths are related to conditions arising before or during birth rather than after discharge. The focus should instead be on prevention through early prenatal care.

B. While obstetricians provide specialized care, many healthy pregnancies can be safely managed by nurse-midwives or family physicians. Access to care, not provider type, has a greater influence on reducing infant mortality rates.

C. Although NICUs are vital for high-risk or premature infants, they address complications after they occur rather than preventing them. Preventive strategies in prenatal care are more effective in reducing overall infant mortality.

D. Early and consistent prenatal care promotes maternal health, early detection of complications, and improved fetal outcomes. Such programs help prevent preterm birth, low birth weight, and other major contributors to infant mortality.