The nurse is educating a group of pregnant clients about substances and exposures that can harm fetal development. Which of the following are considered teratogens? (Select All that Apply.)

Coffee

Alcohol

Radiation exposure

MMR vaccine

Folic acid

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,D

A. Coffee: Moderate caffeine intake (less than 200 mg per day) is generally considered safe during pregnancy. Excessive amounts may increase the risk of miscarriage or low birth weight, but caffeine itself is not classified as a teratogen.

B. Alcohol: Alcohol is a well-known teratogen that can cross the placenta and disrupt fetal development. Prenatal alcohol exposure can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), leading to growth restriction, facial abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental impairments.

C. Radiation exposure: High levels of radiation, especially during early pregnancy, can damage rapidly dividing fetal cells and cause congenital malformations, growth restriction, or pregnancy loss. Even diagnostic exposure should be carefully monitored and minimized.

D. MMR vaccine: The MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine contains live attenuated viruses and is contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects on the developing fetus. Women are advised to avoid conception for at least 4 weeks after receiving it.

E. Folic acid: Folic acid is not a teratogen; it is protective against neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Supplementation before and during early pregnancy supports normal neural development and reduces major congenital anomalies.

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Correct Answer is ["G5 P2"]

Explanation

G (Gravida) refers to the total number of pregnancies, including the current one, regardless of outcome. In this case, she has had two previous live births, two miscarriages, and is currently pregnant, totaling 5 pregnancies.

P (Para) counts pregnancies that reached 20 weeks gestation or more, regardless of whether the infant was born alive or stillborn. Here, one child was born at 39 weeks and one at 30 weeks, so she has had 2 pregnancies reaching viability. Miscarriages before 20 weeks are not included in para.

A. "The shiny Schultz side is the fetal side, smooth and shiny, delivered first in most cases." B. The dirty Duncan side is the fetal side, smooth and shiny, that faces the baby." C. "The dirty Duncan side is smooth and shiny and indicates incomplete placental separation." D. "The shiny Schultz side is the maternal side that attaches to the uterine wall."

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. "The shiny Schultz side is the fetal side, smooth and shiny, delivered first in most cases.": The Schultz side of the placenta is the fetal surface, covered by the amnion, giving it a smooth, shiny appearance. It is often delivered first and represents the side facing the fetus in utero.

B. "The dirty Duncan side is the fetal side, smooth and shiny, that faces the baby.": The dirty Duncan side is not the fetal surface; it is the maternal side. It appears rough and reddish due to the presence of cotyledons where the placenta was attached to the uterine wall.

C. "The dirty Duncan side is smooth and shiny and indicates incomplete placental separation.": The Duncan side is rough and irregular, not smooth. Its appearance does not indicate incomplete separation but rather represents the natural maternal attachment surface of the placenta.

D. "The shiny Schultz side is the maternal side that attaches to the uterine wall.": The Schultz side is the fetal side, not the maternal attachment surface. The maternal side (Duncan) attaches to the uterus, while the Schultz side faces the fetus and is lined with amniotic membrane.

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The nurse is educating a group of pregnant clients about substances and exposures that can harm fetal development. Which of the following are considered teratogens? (Select All that Apply.)

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

You are admitting a pregnant female patient. She tells you she has 2 children: both were single births. Her oldest was born at 39 weeks and her youngest was born at 30 weeks. She had 2 miscarriages between her oldest and youngest. One at 12 weeks and the other at 8 weeks. What is her GP?

Correct Answer is ["G5 P2"]

Explanation

A nursing instructor is teaching a student nurse about the placenta after delivery. Which statement by the student indicates a correct understanding of the shiny Schultz and dirty Duncan sides of the placenta?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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