The nurse must give 25 micrograms of fentanyl IVP X1 dose. Fentanyl is available in an ampule 100 micrograms per 2m How many mL will the nurse give for the correct dose?

round to the nearest tenth. Use a preceding zero if necessary. Do not use trailing zeros.

Choice A Reason:

Pseudo-Parkinsonian side effects, also known as drug-induced parkinsonism, can occur with the use of antipsychotic medications like haloperidol. These side effects include symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor, and postural instability. However, the description of the client’s neck arched sharply backward is more indicative of an acute dystonic reaction rather than pseudo-Parkinsonian side effects. Pseudo-Parkinsonian symptoms typically develop more gradually and do not present with such dramatic posturing.

Choice B Reason:

While some side effects of haloperidol can be temporary and may disappear after several days, the acute dystonic reaction described in the scenario requires immediate intervention. Acute dystonic reactions are characterized by sudden, severe muscle contractions that can be painful and potentially dangerous if they involve the airway. Therefore, it is crucial to address this reaction promptly rather than waiting for it to resolve on its own.

Choice C Reason:

Increasing the dosage of haloperidol in response to the described symptoms would likely exacerbate the situation. The client’s symptoms are not indicative of worsening psychotic behavior but rather an adverse reaction to the medication. Increasing the dosage could lead to more severe side effects and complications. The appropriate response is to treat the acute dystonic reaction and reassess the medication regimen.

Choice D Reason:

An acute dystonic reaction is a known side effect of antipsychotic medications like haloperidol. It involves sudden, severe muscle contractions, often affecting the neck, face, and back. This reaction can be distressing and requires immediate treatment with anticholinergic medications such as benztropine or diphenhydramine. Prompt intervention can relieve the symptoms and prevent further complications.

Choice A Reason:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most effective non-pharmacological treatment for anxiety disorders. CBT focuses on identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to anxiety. It teaches clients practical skills to manage their anxiety, such as relaxation techniques, exposure therapy, and cognitive restructuring. Research has consistently shown that CBT can significantly reduce anxiety symptoms and improve overall functioning.

Choice B Reason:

Psychoanalytic therapy

Psychoanalytic therapy, based on the theories of Freud, aims to uncover unconscious conflicts and past experiences that influence current behavior. While it can be beneficial for some individuals, it is generally not considered the first-line treatment for anxiety disorders. Psychoanalytic therapy tends to be long-term and may not provide the immediate relief that clients with severe anxiety need.

Choice C Reason:

Electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves the use of electrical currents to induce seizures in the brain and is primarily used to treat severe depression and certain other mental health conditions. It is not typically used as a treatment for anxiety disorders. ECT is considered a last-resort treatment when other therapies have failed, and it is not suitable for managing anxiety symptoms in most cases.

Choice D Reason:

Family systems therapy

Family systems therapy focuses on improving communication and relationships within the family unit. While it can be helpful for addressing family dynamics and support, it is not specifically designed to treat anxiety disorders. Family therapy may be used as an adjunct to other treatments, but it is not the primary approach for managing anxiety symptoms.