The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide, with lipid A functioning as an endotoxin that can cause fever and shock.
True
False
The Correct Answer is A
The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a complex molecule with three components: lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O-antigen. Lipid A is embedded in the outer membrane and acts as an endotoxin. When released during bacterial lysis or multiplication, lipid A triggers a strong immune response, leading to fever, inflammation, and in severe cases, septic shock. This property makes gram-negative infections potentially life-threatening. The presence of LPS also contributes to the structural integrity of the outer membrane and provides resistance to certain antibiotics.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Dimorphic fungi have the unique ability to exist in two distinct morphological forms depending on the temperature of their environment. At environmental or cooler temperatures (usually around 25°C), they grow as filamentous molds, producing hyphae and spores that allow them to survive and reproduce outside a host. At body temperature (37°C), they transition into a yeast form, which is better adapted for survival and pathogenicity within human tissues. This temperature-dependent dimorphism is a key factor in their ability to cause systemic infections. Examples include Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides immitis, all of which demonstrate this adaptive morphological shift.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
RNA viruses are categorized based on the structure and polarity of their RNA genome. Positive-sense RNA can act directly as messenger RNA and be translated by host ribosomes. Negative-sense RNA must first be transcribed into complementary mRNA by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Some RNA viruses possess double-stranded RNA genomes, which also require specialized replication mechanisms inside the host cell.
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