The PMHNP is called to collaborate with a colleague about a challenging diagnosis. Which of the following statements correctly describes the way in which schizoaffective disorder may be differentiated from bipolar disorder?

In bipolar disorder, psychotic symptoms do not last longer than 1 month

In bipolar disorder, psychotic symptoms always co-occur with mood symptoms

Schizoaffective disorder involves only depressive episodes, never manic or hypomanic episodes

Schizoaffective disorder never includes full-blown episodes of major depression

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder can last longer than one month, especially during severe manic or depressive episodes. The duration alone does not differentiate bipolar disorder from schizoaffective disorder.

Choice B reason: In bipolar disorder, psychotic symptoms are mood-congruent and occur exclusively during mood episodes. In contrast, schizoaffective disorder includes psychotic symptoms that persist independently of mood disturbances, which is the key distinguishing feature.

Choice C reason: Schizoaffective disorder can include both depressive and manic or hypomanic episodes. It is not limited to depressive episodes alone. The subtype (depressive type or bipolar type) depends on the nature of the mood episodes.

Choice D reason: Schizoaffective disorder often includes full-blown episodes of major depression. The presence of major depressive episodes is part of the diagnostic criteria for the depressive subtype of schizoaffective disorder.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: LABAs do improve lung function and quality of life when used appropriately, but this statement does not address the safety concerns of monotherapy. LABAs must be combined with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to mitigate risks.

Choice B reason: LABAs are indeed recommended at step 3 of asthma management guidelines, but only in combination with ICS. Monotherapy with LABAs is contraindicated due to safety concerns.

Choice C reason: Monotherapy with LABAs has been associated with an increased risk of asthma-related deaths. This risk is mitigated when LABAs are used in combination with ICS, which address the underlying inflammation. Therefore, LABA monotherapy is not recommended.

Choice D reason: LABAs are not used for rescue therapy. Short-acting beta agonists (SABAs), such as albuterol, are the standard rescue medications for acute asthma symptoms. LABAs are used for maintenance therapy.

A. Colonic wall structure, colonic motility, diet, fiber intake, obesity and physical activity B. Defects in the epithelial barrier, immune response, leukocyte recruitment, and microflora of the colon C. An imbalance between gastric mucosal protective and destructive factors such as H. pylori infection and NSAID use D. Impaired lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs)

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: These factors are associated with irritable bowel syndrome and other colonic disorders, not peptic ulcer disease. PUD affects the stomach and duodenum, not the colon.

Choice B reason: This describes the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. It does not apply to PUD, which is primarily driven by gastric acid and mucosal injury.

Choice C reason: PUD results from an imbalance between aggressive factors (e.g., gastric acid, pepsin, H. pylori, NSAIDs) and protective mechanisms (e.g., mucus, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow). H. pylori disrupts mucosal defenses, and NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, both contributing to ulcer formation.

Choice D reason: LES dysfunction and TLESRs are associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), not PUD. GERD involves reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, whereas PUD involves mucosal erosion in the stomach or duodenum.

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The PMHNP is called to collaborate with a colleague about a challenging diagnosis. Which of the following statements correctly describes the way in which schizoaffective disorder may be differentiated from bipolar disorder?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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