The primary control centers for breathing are located in the
Frontal cortex and occipital lobe
Cerebellum and corpus callosum
Medulla and pons
Hypothalamus and pituitary
The Correct Answer is C
A. Frontal cortex and occipital lobe is incorrect because these areas of the brain are primarily responsible for voluntary movement, higher cognitive functions, and visual processing, not the automatic regulation of breathing.
B. Cerebellum and corpus callosum is incorrect because the cerebellum is involved in coordination and balance, and the corpus callosum facilitates communication between the brain’s hemispheres. Neither directly controls the rhythm or rate of respiration.
C. Medulla and pons is correct because the medulla oblongata and pons, located in the brainstem, contain the primary respiratory centers. The medulla houses the dorsal respiratory group (DRG), which controls inspiration, and the ventral respiratory group (VRG), which controls expiration during active breathing. The pons contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers, which fine-tune the rate and depth of breathing, ensuring smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration. These centers respond to chemical signals (CO₂, O₂, pH) and mechanical signals from the lungs to maintain effective ventilation.
D. Hypothalamus and pituitary is incorrect because these structures regulate hormonal activity, temperature, thirst, and hunger, but they do not directly control the automatic rhythm of breathing.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Strong pulses in the feet is incorrect because peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is characterized by weak or absent pulses in the lower extremities due to arterial narrowing or obstruction, which reduces blood flow to the limbs.
B. Cyanosis of skin when feet are elevated is correct because PAD causes impaired arterial blood flow, and when the legs are elevated, less oxygen-rich blood reaches the tissues, leading to pale or bluish discoloration (cyanosis). This is often accompanied by cool skin, delayed capillary refill, and pain with exertion (claudication).
C. Skin that is warm to the touch is incorrect because the affected limbs in PAD are typically cool or cold, reflecting poor blood perfusion. Warmth would suggest adequate blood flow or inflammation, not arterial insufficiency.
D. Excessive hair growth on the toes is incorrect because PAD usually results in hair loss on the lower legs and toes, along with thin, shiny skin. Hair loss occurs because reduced blood supply limits nutrients and oxygen needed for hair growth.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Generalized skin redness is incorrect because this is not a hallmark of vaso-occlusive crises. Skin redness may occur with infection or inflammation, but it does not specifically indicate sickle-cell complications.
B. Bleeding gums is incorrect because bleeding tendencies are not typical of sickle-cell anemia. Bleeding gums are more commonly associated with platelet disorders or vitamin C deficiency, not vaso-occlusion.
C. Joint pain is correct because a vaso-occlusive crisis occurs when sickle-shaped red blood cells obstruct small blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow, ischemia, and tissue hypoxia. This results in severe pain, often in the joints, bones, chest, or abdomen, which is the hallmark symptom of a crisis. Other accompanying signs may include fever, swelling, and tenderness in affected areas. These pain episodes can be sudden, severe, and recurrent.
D. Bradycardia is incorrect because vaso-occlusive crises do not typically cause bradycardia. In fact, patients may develop tachycardia as a compensatory response to anemia or pain.
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