The successful resolution of developmental tasks for the school-age child, according to Erikson, would be identified by:

Learning from repeating tasks

Developing a sense of worth and competence

Using fantasy and magical thinking to cope with problems

Developing a sense of trust

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory outlines a series of developmental stages that individuals progress through across the lifespan. For school-age children, the relevant stage is Industry vs. Inferiority. The main developmental task during this stage is to develop a sense of competence and self-worth through success in school, sports, hobbies, and peer interactions.

Rationale for correct answer:

2. Developing a sense of worth and competence directly reflects the successful resolution of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, in which children gain confidence in their ability to be productive and valued contributors in school and social settings.

Rationale for incorrect answers:

2. When school-age children experience support and success, they develop industry, which means they feel capable, confident, and valued. This sense of competence promotes positive self-esteem and motivation, key indicators of healthy psychosocial development at this age.

Rationale for incorrect answers:

1. While repetition can support skill-building, this alone does not reflect Erikson’s psychosocial resolution. Without a sense of mastery or competence, repetition does not necessarily foster development.

3. Using fantasy and magical thinking to cope with problems is more characteristic of preschool-age children in Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt stage and reflects immature coping strategies, not appropriate for school-age development.

4. Developing a sense of trust belongs to the Trust vs. Mistrust stage, which occurs in infancy (birth to 1 year). It is not the relevant developmental task for a school-age child.

Take home points

School-age children (6–12 years) are in Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority stage.
Success and encouragement lead to a sense of worth and competence, the desired outcome of this stage.
Failure without support can lead to feelings of inferiority, negatively impacting self-esteem.
Nurses and caregivers can promote healthy development by providing praise, responsibility, and opportunities to succeed.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

During the school-age years (6–12 years), children experience critical developmental milestones related to self-esteem, competence, and peer relationships. According to Erikson’s stage of Industry vs. Inferiority, children strive to master tasks, gain approval, and develop confidence through accomplishments in school and social activities.

Rationale for correct answer:

3. “I strike out every time I bat when we play soft ball in gym class.” This statement reflects repeated failure, negative self-perception, and potential feelings of inferiority, indicating a risk for altered coping. It suggests the child may not be developing the confidence and resilience expected at this stage.

Rationale for incorrect answers:

1. “My teacher put the picture I drew up on the board.” This reflects positive recognition and encouragement, which foster confidence and healthy development.

2. “I made a goal during our soccer game yesterday.” Indicates success, peer interaction, and a sense of achievement, all markers of healthy psychosocial growth.

4. “My teacher let me read out loud last week and again this week.” Shows that the child is entrusted with tasks and may feel valued and competent, which supports effective coping.

Take home points

School-age children (like 4th graders) are in Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority stage.
Feelings of competence promote healthy psychosocial development, while persistent failure can result in poor coping skills.
Nurses should identify signs of low self-esteem, negative self-talk, or repeated perceived failure as potential red flags.
Early support and interventions help children build resilience, self-worth, and effective coping strategies.

A. “There is the same amount of clay in a snake made out of a ball of clay than there was when it was a ball.” B. “I don’t get as tired when I ride up in an elevator than I do when I walk up a whole flight of stairs.” C. “I’d rather read books and play video games than to play baseball or soccer.” D. “I try to get my homework done as soon as I get home from school.”

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Conservation is a key cognitive milestone in Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7 to 11 years). It refers to the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. Children who grasp this can tell that mass, volume, or number doesn’t change just because the container or form has changed.

Rationale for correct answer:

1. “There is the same amount of clay in a snake made out of a ball of clay than there was when it

was a ball.” This child demonstrates an understanding that changing the shape of an object does not change its amount, which is the essence of conservation. Recognizing that a ball and a snake-shaped piece of clay contain the same amount of clay indicates cognitive development consistent with Piaget’s stage of concrete operations.

Rationale for incorrect answers:

2. “I don’t get as tired when I ride up in an elevator than I do when I walk up a whole flight of

stairs.” This reflects an understanding of physical exertion or energy use, not conservation. It’s about perceived effort, not quantity or matter.

3. “I’d rather read books and play video games than to play baseball or soccer.” This shows personal preference for activities, which is unrelated to the concept of conservation or cognitive reasoning about mass or volume.

4. “I try to get my homework done as soon as I get home from school.” This is a behavioral statement about responsibility or routine and does not demonstrate the cognitive skill of conservation.

Take home points

Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape, position, or appearance.
It typically emerges during the Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7–11), per Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Assessing a child’s understanding of conservation involves using familiar materials (like clay, liquid, or objects) in tasks that change appearance but not quantity.

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The successful resolution of developmental tasks for the school-age child, according to Erikson, would be identified by:

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is interviewing a group of 4th grade children. It would be appropriate for the nurse to diagnose the child who made which of the following statements as at “Risk for Altered Coping related to poor psychosocial development”?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The nurse has confirmed that a 9-year-old child understands the concept of conservation when the child makes which of the following statements?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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