The two types of pressure that drive fluid movement in capillary beds are
The Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"C"}
A. Kinetic pressure: Kinetic energy refers to the energy of motion. While the velocity of blood flow does represent kinetic energy, it is not the force that pushes fluid through the semi-permeable capillary walls. Fluid exchange in capillaries is primarily influenced by forces related to blood pressure and solute concentration rather than motion-based kinetic energy.
B. Gravitational pressure: While gravity affects overall circulation, especially in the lower extremities, it does not directly drive fluid movement at the capillary level. Capillary exchange is governed by local hydrostatic and osmotic forces, not gravitational pull.
C. Hydrostatic pressure: Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by blood against the capillary walls. It pushes water and solutes out of the capillaries into the interstitial space, balancing the inward pull of osmotic pressure to regulate fluid movement and tissue perfusion.
D. Air pressure: Atmospheric or air pressure does not play a role in capillary fluid exchange. The movement of fluid across capillary membranes is driven by internal vascular pressures and osmotic gradients, independent of surrounding air pressure.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Correct answer: False
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the adrenal medulla in response to both neural and hormonal signals, not hormonal signals alone. The primary trigger is sympathetic nervous system activation, where preganglionic sympathetic fibers directly stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete these catecholamines into the bloodstream during stress, exercise, or hemorrhage. Hormonal regulation can modulate their release indirectly, but the immediate response is predominantly neural, enabling rapid cardiovascular and metabolic adjustments to maintain perfusion and energy availability.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Correct answer: False
In hypovolemic shock, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) typically increases rather than decreases. When circulating blood volume drops, the body activates compensatory mechanisms through the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. These responses cause peripheral vasoconstriction in an effort to maintain blood pressure and preserve perfusion to vital organs such as the brain and heart. The resulting vasoconstriction raises SVR, which helps temporarily support arterial pressure despite reduced cardiac output.
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