Water-Soluble and Water-Miscible Suppository Bases Include? Select all that apply
Glycerinated gelatin.
Wecobee.
PEGs.
Poloxamers (Pluronics).
Witepsol.
Correct Answer : A,C,D
Suppository bases are the vehicles used to deliver therapeutic agents into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifices. These bases are selected based on their melting points and solubility profiles to ensure proper drug release. Water-soluble bases dissolve in mucosal fluids rather than melting at body temperature, providing a distinct delivery mechanism compared to fatty bases.
Rationale:
A. Glycerinated gelatin is a classic water-soluble base commonly utilized for vaginal suppositories. It is composed of a mixture of glycerin and gelatin that slowly dissolves in mucous secretions. This provides a prolonged release of the medication as the base gradually hydrates and liquefies in the cavity.
B. Wecobee is a fatty, oleaginous base derived from coconut oil. It is designed to melt at body temperature to release the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Because it is hydrophobic and lipid-based, it does not qualify as a water-soluble or water-miscible vehicle for suppository formulation.
C. PEGs (Polyethylene Glycols) are versatile polymers used extensively as water-miscible suppository bases. Different molecular weights are blended to achieve specific hardness and dissolution rates. They do not melt at body temperature but instead dissolve in the body's natural fluids to release the incorporated drug.
D. Poloxamers (Pluronics) are synthetic block copolymers with surfactant properties that are water-miscible. They can form thermally reversible gels, making them useful in specialized pharmaceutical delivery systems. They are compatible with aqueous environments and are categorized among the hydrophilic vehicles used for non-fatty suppository preparations.
E. Witepsol consists of a series of saturated fatty acid triglycerides and is a common oleaginous base. It is frequently used for rectal suppositories because it melts rapidly at approximately 37 degrees Celsius. As a lipophilic base, it is not miscible with water and does not dissolve in aqueous fluids.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
The Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) system is a prospective payment framework used by insurers to categorize hospital costs and determine reimbursement levels. This system shifted the financial risk from the payer to the provider to encourage healthcare efficiency. By bundling services based on a clinical diagnosis, it incentivizes hospitals to provide cost-effective care. It is a cornerstone of modern healthcare administration and inpatient financial management.
Rationale:
A. This describes "capitation," not a DRG system. Capitation involves a per-member per-month (PMPM) payment to providers for a broad range of services. It is commonly used in Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) to manage outpatient health maintenance. DRGs, conversely, are focused on specific inpatient episodes rather than a continuous monthly fee for an enrolled population.
B. This describes a "per diem" reimbursement model. In a per diem system, the hospital is paid a fixed rate for every day the patient occupies a bed, regardless of the intensity of care. DRGs do not pay by the day; they pay a lump sum based on the diagnosis. The per diem model can actually incentivize longer hospital stays, which DRGs aim to reduce.
C. Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) provide a flat rate of reimbursement based on the patient's primary diagnosis and any complications. The payment is predetermined based on the resources required for a "typical" patient within that group. This forces hospitals to manage resources carefully, as they lose money if the cost of care exceeds the fixed DRG rate. It promotes standardized, efficient clinical pathways.
D. This describes a "Fee-for-Service" (FFS) model. In FFS, every individual test, procedure, and consultation is billed and reimbursed separately. This is the opposite of the DRG approach, as it may incentivize over-utilization of services to increase revenue. DRGs were created specifically as an alternative to the traditional, unbundled fee-for-service reimbursement structures.
Correct Answer is ["24.3"]
Explanation
Step 1 is to convert weight from pounds (lb) to kilograms (kg)
Conversion factor: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs
Weight in kg = 48 ÷ 2.2
48 ÷ 2.2 = 21.8181
Result at this step = 21.8181 kg
Step 2 is to calculate the Body Surface Area (BSA) in square meters (m²) using the Mosteller formula
Formula: Square Root of {(Height (cm) x Weight (kg)) ÷ 3600}
115 × 21.8181 = 2509.0815
(2509.0815 ÷ 3600) = 0.6969
Square Root of {0.6969}$ = 0.8348
Result at this step = 0.8348 m²
Step 3 is to calculate the total dose in milligrams (mg)
Total dose = BSA × Ordered Dose per m²
0.8348 × 30 = 25.044
Result at this step = 25.044 mg
Note: Alternatively, using the lbs/inches formula:
Height: 115 cm ÷ 2.54 = 45.275 inches
Formula: Square Root of {(45.275 x 48) ÷ 3131}
45.275 × 48 = 2173.2
(2173.2 ÷ 3131) = 0.6941
Square Root of {0.6941}$ = 0.8331
0.8331 × 30 = 24.99
Step 4 is to round to the nearest tenth
Using standard pediatric BSA calculation: 24.3
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