What is a side effect of diphenhydramine?

A. A client with an emphysema exacerbation: Clients experiencing an acute exacerbation of emphysema often have increased airway obstruction and difficulty breathing. A small volume nebulizer delivers bronchodilators directly to the lungs, providing rapid relief of bronchospasm and improving oxygenation.

B. A client experiencing an asthma attack: During an asthma attack, airway constriction can be severe. An SVN allows precise delivery of inhaled medications like albuterol, which rapidly dilate the airways and reduce respiratory distress, making it essential for urgent intervention.

C. A client with a common cold and fever: A common cold typically causes mild upper respiratory symptoms such as congestion and runny nose. SVNs are not indicated for routine cold management, as bronchodilator therapy is not necessary in uncomplicated viral infections.

D. A client with significant respiratory symptoms: Clients showing significant respiratory distress, regardless of underlying cause, may benefit from an SVN to administer medications that relieve bronchospasm, decrease airway inflammation, and improve ventilation rapidly.

E. A client with mild seasonal allergies: Mild seasonal allergies usually present with sneezing, watery eyes, and nasal congestion without significant airway obstruction. SVNs are not indicated for mild allergic symptoms, as oral or intranasal antihistamines are sufficient.

A. Angiotensin receptor blocker: Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) work by blocking angiotensin II receptors to relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure. Hydralazine does not act on the renin-angiotensin system, so it is not classified as an ARB.

B. Diuretic: Diuretics lower blood pressure by promoting the excretion of sodium and water through the kidneys. Hydralazine does not have diuretic effects and does not alter fluid balance in this way.

C. Alpha receptor blocker: Alpha blockers reduce blood pressure by inhibiting alpha-adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, causing vasodilation. Hydralazine’s mechanism is direct smooth muscle relaxation, not alpha receptor antagonism.

D. Vasodilator: Hydralazine is a direct-acting vasodilator that relaxes arteriolar smooth muscle, leading to decreased systemic vascular resistance and lower blood pressure. It is primarily used in hypertension management and sometimes in heart failure.