What is the correct order for the stages of a lytic replication cycle, from earliest to latest stages?
Synthesis
Assembly
Attachment
Entry
Release
Correct Answer : A,B,C,D,E
A. Synthesis: After entry, the viral genome directs the host cell machinery to synthesize viral nucleic acids and proteins. This step comes after attachment and entry, not at the beginning.
B. Assembly: Once viral components are synthesized, they are assembled into complete virions. This occurs later in the cycle, just before release.
C. Attachment: The first step is the virus binding to specific receptors on the host cell surface, initiating infection. This allows the virus to target a suitable host cell.
D. Entry: After attachment, the viral nucleic acid or entire virion enters the host cell through mechanisms like endocytosis or membrane fusion. This is the second step.
E. Release: The final stage is when mature virions exit the host cell, often by lysis in bacteriophages or budding in enveloped viruses, enabling them to infect new cells.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Biosafety Level 1: BSL-1 is designated for microbes that pose minimal risk to humans and the environment. These organisms are non-pathogenic and can be safely handled with standard laboratory practices.
B. Biosafety Level 2: BSL-2 is used for organisms that pose moderate risk and may cause human disease, requiring additional precautions such as limited lab access and protective equipment.
C. Biosafety Level 3: BSL-3 applies to microbes that can cause serious or potentially lethal diseases via inhalation, requiring controlled access and specialized safety equipment.
D. Biosafety Level 4: BSL-4 is reserved for dangerous, exotic pathogens such as Ebola virus, which carry high risk of life-threatening disease and require maximum containment facilities.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. streptobacilli: Streptobacilli are rod-shaped bacteria arranged in chains. The image shows spherical bacteria.
B. streptococci: Streptococci are spherical bacteria that form chains. The bacteria in the image appear in clusters rather than chains.
C. staphylococci: Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that form grape-like clusters, which matches the arrangement seen in the image. This clustering pattern is a key characteristic of staphylococcal species.
D. palisades: Palisade arrangements refer to rod-shaped bacteria lined up side by side like a fence. The bacteria in the image are spherical and clustered.
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