What two categories of fungi cause human diseases?
primary and secondary
primary and vegetative
opportunistic and primary
secondary and opportunistic
vegetative and reproductive
The Correct Answer is C
A. Primary and secondary: Primary and secondary are general terms for stages or classifications but are not the accepted categories used to describe fungi that cause human disease.
B. Primary and vegetative: Vegetative refers to the active, growing form of a fungus (hyphae or yeast), which is a morphological description, not a category of pathogenicity.
C. Opportunistic and primary: Primary fungi can cause disease in healthy hosts, while opportunistic fungi cause disease mainly in immunocompromised individuals. These two categories encompass the major ways fungi lead to human illness.
D. Secondary and opportunistic: Opportunistic fungi are correct, but secondary is not used as a distinct category for fungal pathogens.
E. Vegetative and reproductive: Vegetative and reproductive describe fungal growth forms or structures, not their disease-causing categories in humans.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Conversion of gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants: Nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, not by endospores. Endospores do not participate in nitrogen metabolism.
B. Reproduction and growth: Endospores are not reproductive structures. They are dormant forms that ensure survival during extreme conditions, unlike spores in fungi which serve reproductive roles.
C. Protection of genetic material during harsh conditions: Endospores safeguard bacterial DNA when exposed to heat, radiation, desiccation, or chemicals. This survival mechanism allows bacteria to persist until conditions become favorable again.
D. Storage of excess cell materials: Storage granules or inclusion bodies serve this purpose in bacteria, whereas endospores are specialized for endurance, not material storage.
E. As sites for photosynthesis: Photosynthesis occurs in thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria, not in endospores. Endospores remain metabolically inactive until germination.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Is found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria: Lipid A is a component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) located in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, playing a key role in their structural integrity.
B. Is considered an endotoxin: Lipid A is the toxic portion of LPS and is classified as an endotoxin. It is released when Gram-negative bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart.
C. Can cause fever, inflammation, and blood clotting in patients: When released into the host, Lipid A triggers strong immune responses that can lead to fever, shock, inflammation, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
D. All of the above: Since Lipid A is a membrane component, functions as an endotoxin, and elicits severe immune reactions in patients, all the listed statements are accurate.
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