What is the main side effect of IV Thrombolytic therapy TPA?

Choice A: Referral to counselor, social worker, home health care, support groups is correct because it can help the patient cope with the emotional, social, and practical aspects of living with a brain tumor. It can also provide information, resources, and assistance to the patient and their caregivers.

Choice B: Presence of family, friends, spiritual advisor, and health care personnel may be supportive is correct because it can provide comfort, companionship, and guidance to the patient. It can also help the patient express their feelings, needs, and preferences.

Choice C: Encourage independence for as long as possible is correct because it can enhance the patient's self-esteem, dignity, and quality of life. It can also help the patient maintain their physical and mental abilities and prevent complications such as depression, anxiety, or immobility.

Choice D: All of the above are correct because they are part of the holistic nursing care for the patient with nervous system metastases or primary brain tumor. They can address the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs of the patient and their family.

Choice A: Injury from chemicals is incorrect because it is not a type of traumatic brain injury. Injury from chemicals is a type of toxic brain injury, which occurs when a substance such as alcohol, drugs, or carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and affects the brain function or structure. It can cause symptoms such as confusion, memory loss, or seizures.

Choice B: Acceleration/deceleration injury occurs when the head accelerates and then rapidly decelerates, damaging brain tissue is correct because it is the definition of a closed traumatic brain injury. A closed traumatic brain injury occurs when the head moves violently without breaking the skull. This can cause the brain to hit against the inner wall of the skull or twist within the skull, resulting in bruising, tearing, or shearing of the brain tissue.

Choice C: Stressed injury to the brain is incorrect because it is not a type of traumatic brain injury. Stressed injury to the brain is a type of psychological brain injury, which occurs when a person experiences a traumatic event such as violence, abuse, or war. It can cause symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, or post-traumatic stress disorder.

Choice D: Object penetrates the brain or trauma is so severe that the scalp and skull are opened is incorrect because it is not a closed traumatic brain injury. It is a type of open traumatic brain injury, which occurs when a foreign object such as a bullet, knife, or bone fragment enters the brain or when a blunt force trauma such as a fall, collision, or assault causes a fracture or laceration of the skull. This can damage the brain tissue, blood vessels, and nerves and cause bleeding, swelling, or infection.