What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
Signals a cellular response.
Binds to specific matching antigen and destroys it.
Initiates an inflammatory response.
Activates the immune system.
The Correct Answer is B
Rationale:
A. While antibodies can interact with immune cells, their main role is not to directly signal a cellular response. That function is primarily carried out by cytokines and T-helper cells in cell-mediated immunity.
B. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by B lymphocytes that specifically recognize and bind to antigens. Once bound, antibodies can neutralize pathogens, mark them for destruction by phagocytes (opsonization), or activate the complement system, leading to lysis of the pathogen. Each antibody is highly specific to a particular antigen, which ensures targeted immune defense.
C. Inflammation is mainly initiated by mast cells, basophils, histamine, and cytokines, not directly by antibodies. Antibodies may enhance inflammation by activating complement or recruiting immune cells, but this is a secondary effect, not their primary role.
D. Antibodies are part of the adaptive immune response, but they do not activate the immune system on their own. Activation involves antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and cytokine signaling.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Incontinence exposes skin to moisture, friction, and chemical irritation, increasing the risk for skin breakdown and pressure injuries. Constant moisture softens the skin (maceration), making it more susceptible to damage from pressure or shear.
B. Loss of sensation, such as in spinal cord injury, prevents the individual from feeling discomfort or pain that signals the need to shift position. Without this feedback, prolonged pressure on bony prominences can lead to tissue ischemia and ulcer formation.
C. An individual with full mobility and intact sensation can reposition themselves and relieve pressure, which significantly reduces risk of pressure ulcer development.
D. Malnutrition impairs skin integrity and wound healing. Deficiencies in protein, vitamin C, zinc, and calories reduce tissue repair capacity, making the skin more prone to breakdown under pressure.
E. Individuals who cannot reposition themselves independently rely on caregivers for movement. If repositioning is infrequent or delayed, pressure remains on bony prominences, increasing risk for ulcers.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Rationale:
A. B-memory cells are derived from B lymphocytes, not basophils. Basophils do not participate directly in antibody production or memory formation.
B. Basophils are not phagocytic cells. Phagocytosis is primarily performed by neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Basophils function mainly in mediating inflammatory responses, especially allergic reactions.
C. Basophils are granulocytes that circulate in the blood and play a key role in type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions). They bind to IgE antibodies on their surface. Upon exposure to an allergen, cross-linking of IgE triggers degranulation, releasing histamine, leukotrienes, and other inflammatory mediators. This causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and the classic symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as swelling, hives, and airway constriction.
D. Monocytes, not basophils, leave the bloodstream to differentiate into macrophages in tissues. Basophils remain as circulating granulocytes and do not transform into other cell types.
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