Why does anemia occur with many malignancies?

Rationale

• X chromosome: Sex-linked recessive disorders are most commonly carried on the X chromosome. The Y chromosome contains very few genes, so most inherited sex-linked conditions are X-linked.
• Males: Males have only one X chromosome (XY). If that X chromosome carries a recessive disorder, the male will express the condition because there is no second X chromosome to offset the defective gene. Females have two X chromosomes, so one normal gene can mask the recessive disorder.
• Hemophilia A: Hemophilia A is a classic example of an X-linked recessive disorder. It results from a deficiency of clotting factor VIII and primarily affects males, while females are often carriers.

Rationale:

A. Global prevention is not a recognized category in standard public health prevention terminology. This option is incorrect.

B. Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of disease through measures such as immunizations, lifestyle modification, or health education. A mammogram does not prevent breast cancer from developing; it detects it early.

C. Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt intervention to reduce the severity or progression of a disease. A routine mammogram is a screening tool that can identify breast cancer before symptoms appear, allowing for earlier treatment and better outcomes. This aligns perfectly with the goals of secondary prevention.

D. Tertiary prevention involves managing established disease to prevent complications, reduce disability, or improve quality of life. Examples include rehabilitation after a stroke or ongoing management of diabetes complications. A mammogram is not part of this stage.