What manifestation(s) of dementia occur in the early stages of the disease? Select all that apply.
Inability to communicate
Difficulty at work
Forgetfulness
Incontinence
Lack of concentration
Correct Answer : B,C,E
A. Inability to communicate: Complete inability to communicate is characteristic of late-stage dementia when severe cognitive and language deficits occur. In the early stages, language skills are usually intact, though word-finding may be slightly impaired.
B. Difficulty at work: Early dementia often presents with subtle functional impairments, including difficulty managing work tasks, remembering appointments, or performing complex activities. These deficits reflect declining executive function and memory.
C. Forgetfulness: Mild forgetfulness, such as misplacing items, forgetting names, or repeating questions, is a hallmark early manifestation of dementia. These memory lapses are usually noticeable to the individual and family but do not yet interfere significantly with basic daily living.
D. Incontinence: Urinary or fecal incontinence typically develops in later stages of dementia, when cognitive decline affects toileting awareness and motor planning. It is not an early sign of the disease.
E. Lack of concentration: Reduced attention span and difficulty focusing on tasks are common early cognitive changes in dementia. This affects the ability to perform multi-step tasks and contributes to errors in work or household activities.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Urge incontinence:Urge incontinence is characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary leakage. It is usually caused by overactive bladder muscles, neurological disorders, or bladder irritation, rather than physical stressors like coughing or sneezing.
B. Stress incontinence:Stress incontinence occurs when physical pressure on the bladder—such as from coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise—overcomes urethral sphincter resistance, causing involuntary urine leakage. It is commonly seen in individuals with weakened pelvic floor muscles or after childbirth.
C. Functional incontinence:Functional incontinence results from cognitive, physical, or environmental barriers that prevent timely toileting. The bladder and sphincter function are intact, so leakage is due to inability to reach or use the toilet rather than stress-induced pressure.
D. Overflow incontinence:Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder is overfilled and urine leaks due to incomplete emptying, often associated with obstruction or neurogenic bladder. Leakage in this case is continuous or dribbling, not triggered by coughing or sneezing.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Dopamine:Dopamine primarily functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, influencing mood, behavior, and motor control. It also plays a role in renal perfusion, but it is not a primary mediator of inflammation, temperature regulation, or water balance.
B. Serotonin:Serotonin regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and gastrointestinal motility. Although it can contribute to vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, it is not centrally involved in inflammatory responses or the regulation of body temperature and water balance.
C. Acetylcholine:Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, controlling muscle contraction, heart rate, and glandular secretions. It does not directly mediate inflammation, body temperature, or fluid balance.
D. Histamine:Histamine is a chemical mediator released by mast cells and basophils during inflammation. It increases vascular permeability, contributing to the inflammatory response, and acts on the hypothalamus to influence body temperature. Histamine also affects renal and vascular function, indirectly influencing water balance through its effects on capillary permeability and fluid distribution.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.