Which of the following is a characteristic of specific immunity?
It is present at birth and provides immediate defense.
It involves skin and mucous membranes as barriers.
It does not involve antibodies.
It can remember previous encounters with pathogens.
The Correct Answer is D
A. It is present at birth and provides immediate defense: This describes innate immunity, which is nonspecific and provides immediate protection against pathogens without prior exposure.
B. It involves skin and mucous membranes as barriers: Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes are part of innate immunity and do not confer the specificity associated with adaptive immune responses.
C. It does not involve antibodies: Specific immunity relies heavily on antibodies produced by B lymphocytes to recognize and neutralize specific pathogens. The absence of antibodies would indicate nonspecific defense.
D. It can remember previous encounters with pathogens: Specific (adaptive) immunity has memory, allowing the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen. Memory cells, including B and T lymphocytes, are responsible for this enhanced response.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Allergic reaction: Allergic reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to harmless external substances, such as pollen or food proteins, rather than attacking the body’s own cells.
B. Autoimmune disease: Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys the body’s own healthy cells and tissues, leading to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, or lupus.
C. Immunodeficiency: Immunodeficiency involves a weakened or absent immune response, making the body more susceptible to infections, rather than attacking its own cells.
D. Chronic inflammation: Chronic inflammation is a prolonged immune response to persistent infection or irritants, which can damage tissues over time, but it is not defined by the immune system attacking self-cells.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Kidneys: The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and produce urine. They do not store urine but continuously produce it, sending it to the renal pelvis and then to the bladder for temporary storage.
B. Renal pelvis: The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from the nephrons and channels it into the ureters. It does not serve as a storage site for urine.
C. Urinary bladder: The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until the body is ready for elimination. Its walls stretch to accommodate increasing volumes of urine, allowing controlled and voluntary release through the urethra.
D. Urethra: The urethra is a tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination. It does not store urine and serves only as a passageway for elimination.
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