Which of the following is part of the non-specific defenses?
Inflammation
Memory cells
Antibodies secreted by B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
The Correct Answer is A
A. Inflammation: A nonspecific innate immune response (heat, redness, swelling, pain) that helps contain injury or infection and is part of the second line of defense.
B. Memory cells: Long-lived adaptive immune cells generated after exposure to specific antigens; part of the third (specific) line of defense.
C. Antibodies secreted by B-lymphocytes: Specific proteins targeting particular antigens; component of adaptive (third-line) immunity.
D. T-lymphocytes: Adaptive immune cells that mediate cellular immunity and antigen-specific responses, not nonspecific defense.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Cardiac muscle: Found only in the heart and specialized for rhythmic contraction, not the digestive or urinary tracts.
B. Smooth muscle: Found throughout the walls of the digestive tract and urinary tract, producing slow, involuntary contractions (peristalsis and urinary propulsion).
C. Vascular muscle: Blood vessel walls contain smooth muscle components, but the term is not used for the muscles of the digestive/urinary tract.
D. Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones for movement; it does not constitute the muscular wall of the digestive or urinary tracts.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Jaundiced: The term for a person with excess bilirubin; manifests as yellowing of the skin and sclera when bilirubin accumulates.
B. Cyanotic: Describes bluish discoloration from low oxygen saturation in blood, not from bilirubin excess.
C. Pale: Describes decreased redness/haemoglobin-related pallor (e.g., anemia or poor perfusion), not bilirubin accumulation.
D. Flushed: Refers to redness from vasodilation (fever, emotion, etc.), not a sign of elevated bilirubin.
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