Which of the following most accurately defines deontological theory in ethics?
An action is chosen because it sacrifices the fewest high-priority values.
An action is judged as good or bad based on the consequence or outcome.
An action is judged as good or bad based on the act itself, regardless of the consequences.
Actions are chosen based on the moral virtues (e.g., honesty, courage, compassion, wisdom, gratitude, self-respect) or the character of the person making the decision.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: This describes a utilitarian approach, where decisions are made to minimize harm or maximize benefit. It focuses on outcomes rather than the intrinsic morality of actions.
Choice B reason: This is a definition of consequentialism, which evaluates the morality of actions based on their results. It contrasts with deontology, which emphasizes duty and rules.
Choice C reason: Deontological ethics, rooted in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, asserts that actions are morally right or wrong based on adherence to rules or duties, regardless of the consequences. It emphasizes the inherent morality of actions and the importance of acting according to ethical principles.
Choice D reason: This defines virtue ethics, which focuses on the character and virtues of the decision-maker rather than the action or its consequences. It is a separate ethical framework from deontology.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: The PHQ-9 is a depression screening tool that includes one item on suicidal ideation. While useful for identifying depression and some suicide risk, it is not designed to assess comprehensive suicide risk, especially in individuals with borderline personality disorder.
Choice B reason: The SBQ-R is specifically designed to assess suicide risk. It evaluates lifetime suicidal ideation and attempts, frequency of ideation, threat of suicide, and self-reported likelihood of future suicidal behavior. It is validated for use in both clinical and non-clinical populations and is particularly useful in assessing risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder.
Choice C reason: The ACSS-FAD measures fearlessness about death, which is a component of the interpersonal theory of suicide. While it provides insight into one aspect of suicide risk, it does not assess overall risk or history of suicidal behavior.
Choice D reason: The INQ assesses perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, which are psychological states associated with suicide risk. However, it does not directly evaluate suicidal behavior or intent, making it less comprehensive than the SBQ-R.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Rheumatic fever can lead to valvular heart disease, particularly affecting the left-sided valves, but it is not the primary pathophysiology in IV drug users with infective endocarditis. It is unrelated to the acute presentation in this case.
Choice B reason: IV drug use introduces pathogens directly into the bloodstream, often leading to infection of the right-sided heart valves, particularly the tricuspid valve. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. This pathophysiology is well-documented and explains the development of IE in IV drug users.
Choice C reason: While HIV may increase susceptibility to infections due to immunosuppression, it is not the direct cause of infective endocarditis. The primary mechanism in this case is bacterial seeding of the heart valves via IV drug use.
Choice D reason: This statement is incorrect. IV drug use is a major risk factor for infective endocarditis due to repeated introduction of bacteria into the bloodstream and damage to cardiac valves.
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