Which of the following signs and symptoms supports a diagnosis of depression in an adolescent? Select all that apply.

New onset inappropriate anger

Exaggerated somatic complaints

Insomnia onset

Inflated self esteem

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C

A. New onset inappropriate anger: Adolescents with depression often exhibit irritability or angry outbursts instead of classic sadness. This emotional dysregulation can be a prominent presenting feature and may disrupt relationships and daily functioning.

B. Exaggerated somatic complaints: Physical complaints such as headaches, stomachaches, or generalized aches without a clear medical cause are common in depressed adolescents. These somatic symptoms often reflect emotional distress and can precede overt mood changes.

C. Insomnia onset: Changes in sleep patterns, including difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, are frequent in adolescent depression. Sleep disruption contributes to fatigue, irritability, and impaired concentration.

D. Inflated self-esteem: Inflated self-esteem is more characteristic of mania or hypomania rather than depression. Depressive episodes are generally associated with low self-worth, guilt, or feelings of hopelessness rather than elevated self-perception.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Vascular dementia symptoms can vary and may clear up, but there is an irregular pattern of decline: Cognitive changes in vascular dementia often occur in a stepwise manner, with periods of relative stability or temporary improvement. This fluctuation reflects the occurrence of new cerebrovascular events rather than continuous progressive decline.

B. Vascular dementia involves the development of Lewy Bodies: Lewy Bodies are abnormal protein deposits associated with Lewy Body dementia, not vascular dementia. Vascular dementia results from cerebrovascular disease affecting brain tissue.

C. Vascular dementia is not treatable with medication: While no cure exists, some medications may help manage symptoms or coexisting conditions. Symptom management and risk factor control can slow progression.

D. Vascular dementia has a slow, insidious (gradual) onset: Gradual onset is more characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. Vascular dementia often presents with abrupt or stepwise cognitive changes following strokes or ischemic events.

A. "This medication delays the destruction of dopamine, a chemical in the brain necessary for memory processes. Although most effective in the early stages, it serves to delay, but not stop, the progression of the AD." B. "This medication encourages production of NMDA, a chemical in the brain necessary for memory processes. It delays the progression of the disease." C. "This medication encourages production of acetylcholine, a chemical in the brain necessary for memory processes. It delays the progression of the disease." D. "This medication delays the destruction of acetylcholine, a chemical in the brain necessary for memory processes. Although most effective in the early stages, it serves to delay, but not stop, the progression of the AD."

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. "This medication delays the destruction of dopamine, a chemical in the brain necessary for memory processes. Although most effective in the early stages, it serves to delay, but not stop, the progression of the AD.": Rivastigmine does not primarily affect dopamine; it targets acetylcholine, which is critical for memory and cognition. Dopamine modulation is more relevant to Parkinson’s disease treatments.

B. "This medication encourages production of NMDA, a chemical in the brain necessary for memory processes. It delays the progression of the disease.": NMDA receptors are involved in glutamate signaling, not directly increased by rivastigmine. This description more closely relates to NMDA antagonists like memantine rather than cholinesterase inhibitors.

C. "This medication encourages production of acetylcholine, a chemical in the brain necessary for memory processes. It delays the progression of the disease.": Rivastigmine inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine rather than stimulating its production. The mechanism preserves existing neurotransmitter levels to improve cognitive function.

D. "This medication delays the destruction of acetylcholine, a chemical in the brain necessary for memory processes. Although most effective in the early stages, it serves to delay, but not stop, the progression of the AD.": Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that prevents acetylcholine breakdown. This enhances cholinergic neurotransmission, helping maintain cognitive function temporarily, but it does not cure Alzheimer’s disease.

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Which of the following signs and symptoms supports a diagnosis of depression in an adolescent? Select all that apply.

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The family members of a patient with vascular dementia note that the patient is acting like herself and that she has returned to baseline. As the nurse, you want to be sure that the family understands that:

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nursing instructor is teaching about rivastigmine (Excelon). A student asks, "How does this work? Will this cure Alzheimer's disease (AD)?" Which is the appropriate instructor reply?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for a school-aged child with ADHD?

Patient: Lily, 16-year-old female Presenting Concerns: Multiple superficial cuts on forearms. Denies suicidal intent. History: Recent family conflict and academic stress. What is the priority nursing intervention for Lily?

A nursing instructor is teaching about pharmacological treatments for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which information about atomoxetine (Strattera) should be included in the lesson plan?

According to the DSM-5, Bulimia is categorized as mild, moderate, severe or extreme based on:

The nurse notices extensive scarring from cutting on the patient's forearms. The nurse knows that this non-suicidal self-injury may be: (Select all that apply)