Which statement correctly describes the mechanism of viral release from host cells?
All viruses are released exclusively through host cell apoptosis
Non-enveloped viruses exit the host cell by exocytosis
Enveloped viruses are released only after host cell lysis
Release occurs through budding in enveloped viruses or cell lysis in non-enveloped viruses
Viral release requires active transport through nuclear pores
The Correct Answer is D
A. All viruses are released exclusively through host cell apoptosis: Viral release mechanisms vary depending on the type of virus. While some infections may induce apoptosis, this is not the universal mechanism of viral release. Many viruses use lysis or budding rather than programmed cell death.
B. Non-enveloped viruses exit the host cell by exocytosis: Non-enveloped viruses typically lack a lipid membrane and are most commonly released through host cell lysis. Lysis disrupts the plasma membrane, allowing viral particles to escape. Exocytosis is more characteristic of enveloped viruses.
C. Enveloped viruses are released only after host cell lysis: Enveloped viruses generally acquire their lipid envelope by budding through the host cell membrane. This process allows viral release without immediate destruction of the host cell, unlike lysis.
D. Release occurs through budding in enveloped viruses or cell lysis in non-enveloped viruses: Enveloped viruses exit by budding through the host cell membrane, incorporating host-derived lipids into their envelope. Non-enveloped viruses are released through lysis, which ruptures the host cell and releases mature virions.
E. Viral release requires active transport through nuclear pores: Nuclear pores are involved in transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm, particularly for viruses that replicate in the nucleus. However, viral release from the cell occurs at the plasma membrane or through cell lysis, not via nuclear pores.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are characteristic of gram-negative organisms. During Gram staining, the thin peptidoglycan layer cannot retain the crystal violet-iodine complex, so the cells take up the counterstain (safranin) and appear pink under a microscope. Common gram-negative bacilli causing urinary tract infections include Escherichia coli, which often presents with dysuria, fever, and bacilli observed on urine microscopy. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and lack an outer membrane. This structure allows them to retain the crystal violet stain and appear purple.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. It stores genetic material and regulates transcription: Genetic material is stored within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where DNA serves as the template for RNA transcription. The cytoskeleton does not contain DNA nor directly influence transcriptional processes.
B. It provides structural support and facilitates intracellular transport and movement: The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments, including microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. It maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, and enables intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles via motor proteins. Additionally, it supports cell motility, endocytosis, and mitotic spindle formation, integrating both structural and functional roles.
C. It synthesizes proteins for secretion: Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes, often attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which directs newly synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus for secretion. The cytoskeleton facilitates transport of these vesicles but does not itself synthesize proteins.
D. It produces ATP through cellular respiration: ATP is primarily produced by mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation. The cytoskeleton does not generate energy directly, although it supports the positioning and movement of mitochondria within the cell to meet localized energy demands.
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