Which statement correctly describes the mechanism of viral release from host cells?
All viruses are released exclusively through host cell apoptosis
Non-enveloped viruses exit the host cell by exocytosis
Enveloped viruses are released only after host cell lysis
Release occurs through budding in enveloped viruses or cell lysis in non-enveloped viruses
Viral release requires active transport through nuclear pores
The Correct Answer is D
A. All viruses are released exclusively through host cell apoptosis: Viral release mechanisms vary depending on the type of virus. While some infections may induce apoptosis, this is not the universal mechanism of viral release. Many viruses use lysis or budding rather than programmed cell death.
B. Non-enveloped viruses exit the host cell by exocytosis: Non-enveloped viruses typically lack a lipid membrane and are most commonly released through host cell lysis. Lysis disrupts the plasma membrane, allowing viral particles to escape. Exocytosis is more characteristic of enveloped viruses.
C. Enveloped viruses are released only after host cell lysis: Enveloped viruses generally acquire their lipid envelope by budding through the host cell membrane. This process allows viral release without immediate destruction of the host cell, unlike lysis.
D. Release occurs through budding in enveloped viruses or cell lysis in non-enveloped viruses: Enveloped viruses exit by budding through the host cell membrane, incorporating host-derived lipids into their envelope. Non-enveloped viruses are released through lysis, which ruptures the host cell and releases mature virions.
E. Viral release requires active transport through nuclear pores: Nuclear pores are involved in transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm, particularly for viruses that replicate in the nucleus. However, viral release from the cell occurs at the plasma membrane or through cell lysis, not via nuclear pores.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Germ Theory: Germ theory is the scientific principle that specific diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. It shifted the understanding of disease from supernatural explanations or miasma theories to evidence-based causation. Germ theory underpins modern microbiology, infection control, and the development of vaccines and antimicrobial treatments.
B. Biogenesis: Biogenesis is the principle that living organisms arise from other living organisms, emphasizing that life does not spontaneously generate from nonliving matter. It relates to the origin of life rather than the cause of disease.
C. Virus: A virus is a microscopic infectious agent composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat that requires a host cell to replicate. Viruses are agents of disease but do not represent the broader concept of disease causation described by germ theory.
D. Scientific Method: The scientific method is a structured approach to investigation involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and conclusion. While essential to studying microorganisms and disease, it describes a process rather than the principle explaining disease causation.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Viroids are the smallest known infectious pathogens and are composed solely of a short strand of circular, single-stranded RNA that lacks a protein coat (capsid). Because they do not have this protective protein shell, they are described as "naked" RNA molecules. Unlike viruses, which can infect a wide range of organisms, viroids are known exclusively to infect higher plants, where they can cause significant agricultural damage by interfering with plant growth and development.
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