Types of IV Access

- There are two main types of IV access: peripheral and central.

Peripheral IV Access

• Peripheral IV access involves inserting a catheter into a vein in the hand or arm.
• Peripheral IV access is suitable for short-term therapy (less than a week) and low-risk fluids or medications.
• Peripheral IV access may also be used for specialized placement in the external jugular vein or the dorsal foot vein.
• Peripheral IV access requires a tourniquet to constrict the vein and make it more visible and palpable.
• Peripheral IV access uses angiocatheters that range from 14 to 24 gauge in size. The gauge refers to the diameter of the catheter; the larger the gauge, the smaller the diameter. The choice of gauge depends on the type and viscosity of the fluid or medication, the size and condition of the vein, and the duration of therapy.
• Peripheral IV access may cause complications such as infiltration, phlebitis, infection, hematoma, nerve damage, or extravasation.

Central IV Access

• Central IV access involves inserting a catheter into a large vein that leads directly to the heart.
• Central IV access is suitable for long-term therapy (more than a week) and high-risk fluids or medications that require rapid dilution or precise infusion rates.
• Central IV access may be achieved through percutaneous central lines, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), tunneled catheters, or implanted ports.
• Central IV access does not require a tourniquet but may require ultrasound guidance or fluoroscopy to locate the vein and confirm placement.
• Central IV access uses catheters that range from 16 to 24 gauge in size. The choice of gauge depends on the type and volume of fluid or medication, the number of lumens (channels) needed, and the patient’s condition.
• Central IV access may cause complications such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, air embolism, infection, thrombosis, or catheter malposition.