The kidneys secrete a number of hormones, which are important for normal functioning of the body.

If blood pressure falls, renin is secreted by the kidneys to constrict the small blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. If the kidneys aren’t functioning correctly, too much renin can be produced, increasing blood pressure and sometimes resulting in hypertension (high blood pressure). This is why a number of people with kidney diseases also have high blood pressure.

The molecular geometry of a molecule of sulphur dioxide (SO2) is bent or V-shaped. This is because of the presence of two lone pairs on the sulfur atom, which cause repulsion and distort the bond angles in the molecule.

SO2 has a central sulfur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms by double bonds. The two double bonds and the two lone pairs of electrons on sulfur result in a trigonal planar arrangement of electron pairs around the sulfur atom. However, the repulsion between the lone pairs causes the two oxygen atoms to be pulled closer together, resulting in a bent or V-shaped molecular geometry.

The bent molecular geometry of SO2 affects its properties, such as its polarity and reactivity. SO2 is a polar molecule due to the asymmetric distribution of electrons, which results in a partial positive charge on the sulfur atom and partial negative charges on the oxygen atoms. This polarity makes SO2 a good solvent and reactant in chemical reactions, as well as a contributor to air pollution and acid rain.

A double-blind study is a research design in which neither the participants nor the researchers know which group participants are assigned to. This is done to minimize bias and ensure that the results of the study are as objective as possible. In a double-blind study, the treatment and control groups are randomly assigned, and the participants and researchers are unaware of which group each participant is assigned to.

Option a) is an example of a randomized controlled trial, which is a common research design, but it is not necessarily double-blind.

Option b) is an example of an open-label study, in which both the participants and the researchers know which group each participant is assigned to.

Option c) is an example of a single-blind study, in which the participants do not know which group they are assigned to, but the researchers do.

The main difference between a solid and a liquid is their physical state and the way their particles are arranged. In a solid, the particles are tightly packed together and have a fixed position, which gives the solid a definite shape and volume. Solids are also characterized by their high density, low compressibility, and high thermal conductivity.

In contrast, the particles in a liquid are more loosely packed and can move around each other, which allows the liquid to take the shape of its container. Liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape, which means they can be poured or spilled. Liquids also have a lower density than solids, are more compressible than solids, and have lower thermal conductivity than solids.

Option b) is incorrect because it describes the properties of a gas, not a liquid. Option c) is incorrect because solids and liquids have different physical properties. Option d) is incorrect because it describes the properties of a gas, not a liquid or a solid.

The largest organ in the human body by surface area is the skin. It covers the enre external surface of the body and has an average surface area of about 20 square feet in adults.

• A. Adduction → Moving a limb toward the midline of the body. ❌
• B. Extension → Increasing the angle of a joint (e.g., straightening the arm or leg). ❌
• C. Flexion → Decreasing the angle of a joint (e.g., bending the elbow or knee). ❌
• D. Abduction → Moving a limb away from the midline (e.g., raising the arm or leg sideways). ✅

The nurse can logically conclude that:

✅ Treatment A results in the shortest recovery time.

• The data shows that Treatment A has a mean recovery time of 3 days, which is the shortest compared to Treatment B (5 days) and Treatment C (7 days).

The other statements are not supported by the given data:

❌ "Treatment C enhances patient satisfaction more than the others."

• There is no information about patient satisfaction, only recovery times.

❌ "Treatment B is as effective as Treatment A."

• Treatment B has a longer recovery time (5 days) compared to Treatment A (3 days), so it is not equally effective in terms of recovery speed.

❌ "Treatments A and B provide the same rate of recovery."

• Treatment A has a faster recovery time than Treatment B, so they do not have the same recovery rate.

• A. Nanolitres (nL) → Extremely small unit (1 nL = 0.000000001 L), used for microscopic measurements. ❌
• B. Microlitres (µL) → Also very small (1 µL = 0.000001 L), used in lab settings. ❌
• C. Litres (L) → Too large, as typical urine output per hour is much less than 1 L. ❌
• D. Millilitres (mL) → Suitable, since normal urine output per hour is about 30-80 mL. ✅

When measuring liquid volume in a graduated measuring cup, you should always read the measurement at the bottom of the meniscus (the lowest point of the curved surface).

Given Information:

• The top of the liquid aligns with the 50 mL mark.
• The bottom of the meniscus aligns with the 40 mL mark.

Since the correct measurement is taken from the bottom of the meniscus, the volume of the liquid is 40 mL.

• The image shown is a highly detailed 3D surface view of a blood clot, which suggests that it was captured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
• SEM produces high-resolution, three-dimensional images by scanning a sample with a focused beam of electrons, making it ideal for studying surface structures like blood cells and clots.

Analysis of Other Options:

• A. Compound Light Microscope → Uses visible light to magnify samples but lacks the resolution and 3D detail seen in the image. ❌
• B. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) → Produces 2D images of ultra-thin sections, not detailed 3D surface views. ❌
• D. Stereoscope → A low-magnification microscope used for viewing larger objects, not detailed cellular structures. ❌