If A represents atomic mass and Z represents atomic number, which of the following describes an atom after a proton is emitted from its nucleus?

The correct answer is B. Electrons are much lighter than protons and neutrons and have a negligible mass compared to them. Therefore, when calculating the atomic mass number, electrons are typically not considered.

The correct answer is B. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube, where the sperm can meet and fertilize the egg. The fertilized egg then travels to the uterus for implantation and development.

The correct answer is D. Water's high specific heat capacity allows it to absorb and store large amounts of heat energy without a significant increase in temperature. Coastal areas, being near large bodies of water, experience less dramatic temperature changes because the water helps moderate temperature fluctuations by absorbing and releasing heat slowly.

The correct answer is C. Chlorine molecule (Cl2) has only one covalent bond between the two chlorine atoms, which share one pair of electrons. The other molecules have more covalent bonds: water has two, methane has four, and ammonia has three.

The correct answer is B. The vermiform appendix is a small, tube-like structure that extends from the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine. It is not associated with the jejunum, rectum, or ischium.

The correct answer is B. Gray matter in the brain primarily consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. It is involved in information processing and integration.

The correct answer is B. Atoms become cations by losing electrons. Potassium has one electron in its outermost shell, and it is more likely to lose that electron to achieve a stable, cationic state. Fluorine, helium, and oxygen are more likely to gain electrons and form anions.

The correct answer is C. A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance in a liquid. Turbidity, caused by suspended particles, can be assessed by measuring the reduction in light transmission through the sample. The other tools listed are not specifically designed for measuring turbidity.

Phosphates are found in both DNA and cell membranes. In DNA, they form part of the backbone structure, linking the nucleotides together. In cell membranes, phosphates are a component of phospholipids, which are critical to the membrane's structure and function.

The pharynx is primarily composed of muscle tissue. It plays a role in swallowing and is part of both the respiratory and digestive systems, which requires coordinated muscular activity.