In order to determine the effects of energy drinks on women's running speed, researchers gave 300 women an energy drink and then recorded the time it took each of them to run 2 miles. After collecting the results, researchers concluded that energy drinks increase the speed of running in

Which of the following further tests would best help to support this conclusion?

The renal vein drains deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava.

Urea is a nitrogenous waste product that is produced when the liver breaks down proteins and amino acids. It is then excreted from the body via sweat.

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands is important in serum calcium regulation. It increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream. PTH also enhances the absorption of calcium from the intestines and the kidneys.

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane. The cell membrane is a barrier that surrounds the cell and separates its internal environment from the external environment.

The complementary strand of DNA is formed by pairing complementary bases. In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). Additionally, RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine.

Given the sequence 5' AGCTAGCGT 3', the complementary strand would read:

3' TCGATCGCA 5'

Conducting the experiment with half the women taking water and the other half taking an energy drink creates a study and experimental group, which can allow for comparison and conclusion. The researchers can compare the effects of the energy drink directly with a baseline, and this helps to establish a cause-and-effect relationship and provides stronger evidence to support their conclusion.

A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the intensity of light absorbed after it passes through a sample solution. With the spectrophotometer, the concentration of a chemical substance can be determined by measuring the intensity of light detected.

Most of the carbon dioxide from the blood moves into the alveoli through the process of diffusion down a concentration gradient. In the lungs, there is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood compared to the alveoli. Its molecules, therefore, move from an area of higher concentration (blood) to an area of lower concentration (alveoli) until equilibrium is reached. This is a passive process and does not require energy or carrier proteins.

Melanocytes are specialized skin cells that produce melanin, which is the protective skin-darkening pigment. They are found mainly in the epidermis, though they occur elsewhere, such as in the hair.

The pH scale is logarithmic, indicating that each whole number change on the pH scale represents a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity. Therefore, a substance with a pH of 3 is 10 times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 4.