What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is present at birth and provides immediate, non-specific protection against pathogens while adaptive immunity is developed over time and provides specific protection against particular pathogens.
Innate immunity involves the recognition of specific pathogens while adaptive immunity involves the recognition of general paterns of pathogens.
Innate immunity involves the production of antibodies while adaptive immunity involves the activation of phagocytes.
Innate immunity is activated by the lymphatic system while adaptive immunity is activated by the circulatory system.
Correct Answer : A
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and is present at birth. It provides immediate, non-specific protection against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Innate immunity involves physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular and molecular components, such as phagocytes and cytokines.
Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is developed over time and provides specific protection against particular pathogens. It involves the recognition of antigens, which are specific components of pathogens, by immune cells called lymphocytes. The lymphocytes then produce antibodies that are specific to the antigens, allowing for a targeted response to the pathogen. This process takes time to develop, as the immune system needs to encounter the pathogen and mount a response.
Overall, innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection while adaptive immunity provides specific protection that is tailored to the particular pathogen. Both forms of immunity work together to protect the body against pathogens.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for carrying amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon that matches a codon on the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA codon and brings the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome, where it is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The epididymis is a coiled tube located at the back of each testicle where the sperm mature and are stored until ejaculation. Sperm are produced in the testes and then transported to the epididymis where they undergo maturation and become motile. The epididymis provides a protective environment for the sperm, allowing them to mature and become more resilient to external stressors. During ejaculation, the sperm are transported from the epididymis to the vas deferens and then to the urethra for ejaculation.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and is present at birth. It provides immediate, non-specific protection against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Innate immunity involves physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular and molecular components, such as phagocytes and cytokines.
Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is developed over time and provides specific protection against particular pathogens. It involves the recognition of antigens, which are specific components of pathogens, by immune cells called lymphocytes. The lymphocytes then produce antibodies that are specific to the antigens, allowing for a targeted response to the pathogen. This process takes time to develop, as the immune system needs to encounter the pathogen and mount a response.
Overall, innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection while adaptive immunity provides specific protection that is tailored to the particular pathogen. Both forms of immunity work together to protect the body against pathogens.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
The scientific method is a systematic approach used to answer questions or test hypotheses about the natural world. The steps involved in the scientific method are:
- Observation: This is the first step in the scientific method. It involves observing a phenomenon or a problem and gathering information about it.
- Hypothesis: After making an observation, a scientist forms a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation for the phenomenon or problem.
- Prediction: Based on the hypothesis, the scientist makes a prediction about what will happen in an experiment or what they will observe.
- Experimentation: The scientist designs and conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis and prediction.
- Analysis: The data collected from the experiment are analyzed to determine if they support or refute the hypothesis.
- Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the data, the scientist draws a conclusion about whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.
Option b) is incorrect because it starts with hypothesis before observation. Option c) is incorrect because prediction comes before experimentation. Option d) is incorrect because hypothesis comes after observation and data collection.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect two bones together in a joint. They provide stability and support to the joint, preventing excessive movement and helping to maintain proper alignment of the bones.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
The main difference between a solid and a liquid is their physical state and the way their particles are arranged. In a solid, the particles are tightly packed together and have a fixed position, which gives the solid a definite shape and volume. Solids are also characterized by their high density, low compressibility, and high thermal conductivity.
In contrast, the particles in a liquid are more loosely packed and can move around each other, which allows the liquid to take the shape of its container. Liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape, which means they can be poured or spilled. Liquids also have a lower density than solids, are more compressible than solids, and have lower thermal conductivity than solids.
Option b) is incorrect because it describes the properties of a gas, not a liquid. Option c) is incorrect because solids and liquids have different physical properties. Option d) is incorrect because it describes the properties of a gas, not a liquid or a solid.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, in order to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane. Selectively permeable membranes allow only certain molecules to pass through, while preventing the passage of others.
In osmosis, the movement of water molecules is driven by the concentration gradient of solutes, which cannot pass through the membrane. If one side of the membrane has a higher concentration of solutes than the other, water molecules will move from the side with the lower concentration of solutes to the side with the higher concentration of solutes, in an atempt to dilute the solutes and equalize the concentration on both sides.
Osmosis is important in many biological processes, including the uptake of water by plant roots, the regulation of water balance in animal cells, and the preservation of food by adding salt or sugar to create a hypertonic environment that inhibits bacterial growth.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A frameshift mutation is a type of genetic mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a DNA sequence. This can cause a shift in the reading frame of the genetic code, resulting in a change in the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein. Frameshift mutations can have significant effects on the function of the protein and can lead to genetic disorders or diseases.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Chemical properties are characteristics of a substance that describe its ability to undergo a chemical change or reaction with another substance.
Reactivity with acid is a chemical property because it describes how a substance will react with an acid to produce a new substance. Density, melting point, and boiling point are physical properties that describe how a substance behaves under certain conditions but do not involve a chemical change or reaction.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
The three major pairs of salivary glands are the parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands.
- Parotid glands are located just in front of your ears.
- Sublingual glands are located below either side of your tongue, under the floor of your mouth.
- Submandibular glands are located below your jaw.
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