What is the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?
Isotonic contractions produce no movement while isometric contractions produce movement.
Isotonic contractions produce movement while isometric contractions produce no movement.
Isotonic contractions generate tension in the muscle while isometric contractions involve shortening of the muscle fibers.
Isotonic contractions involve contraction of individual muscle fibers while isometric contractions involve the entire muscle.
Correct Answer : B
Isotonic and isometric contractions are two types of muscle contractions that differ in the amount of force produced and the movement of the muscle. In isotonic contractions, the muscle changes length and produces movement, such as lifting a weight. The force generated by the muscle remains constant throughout the movement. Isotonic contractions can be further classified as concentric contractions, in which the muscle shortens as it contracts, and eccentric contractions, in which the muscle lengthens as it contracts.
In contrast, isometric contractions occur when the muscle generates force without changing its length or producing movement. For example, holding a weight in a fixed position without moving it requires an isometric contraction. In an isometric contraction, the force generated by the muscle increases up to a maximum and then remains constant. Isometric contractions can be used to build strength and endurance in the muscle, but they do not produce movement.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Carbohydrates are one of the main types of biomolecules and are composed of monomers called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be further broken down into simpler sugars. They are usually composed of 3 to 7 carbon atoms and have a general formula of (CH2O)n, where n is a number between 3 and 7. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
When two monosaccharides are joined together by a glycosidic bond, they form a disaccharide. Disaccharides are composed of two simple sugars and can be broken down into their constituent monosaccharides by hydrolysis. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
Option a) is incorrect because it describes the composition of a disaccharide, not a monosaccharide. Option
c) is incorrect because both monosaccharides and disaccharides can be found in both plants and animals.
Option d) is incorrect because both monosaccharides and disaccharides can be used for energy storage and
structural purposes, depending on their specific structure and function in the organism.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that plays a key role in breathing. It separates the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs. When it relaxes, it moves upward and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity, forcing air out of the lungs.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect two bones together in a joint. They provide stability and support to the joint, preventing excessive movement and helping to maintain proper alignment of the bones.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
One of the key differences between skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles is the presence of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue. These discs are specialized structures that facilitate communication and synchronization between cardiac muscle cells, allowing the heart to contract as a unified organ.
The other options are incorrect:
- A. Skeletal muscles are autorhythmic, whereas cardiac muscles are not: This is incorrect because cardiac muscles are autorhythmic; they can generate their own rhythmic contractions. Skeletal muscles require nervous system stimulation to contract.
- C. Skeletal muscles are found in the viscera, whereas cardiac muscles are found in the cranium: This is incorrect; skeletal muscles are primarily associated with the skeleton (attached to bones) and are not typically found in the viscera, while cardiac muscle is found in the heart.
- D. Cardiac muscles are voluntary, whereas skeletal muscles are involuntary: This is incorrect; skeletal muscles are voluntary (under conscious control), while cardiac muscles are involuntary (not under conscious control).
Therefore, the correct distinction is that cardiac muscles contain intercalated discs, while skeletal muscles do not.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
In the case of methanol poisoning, the metabolism of methanol to formaldehyde is a critical concern because formaldehyde is highly toxic. Ethanol is used as a treatment because it competes with methanol for the same enzyme, methanol oxidase (or alcohol dehydrogenase), effectively inhibiting the metabolism of methanol. By inhibiting the enzyme, ethanol reduces the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde, thereby minimizing its toxic effects.
Here’s why the other options are not suitable treatments:
- A. Methanol oxidase, which would increase the rate of the reaction: This would not be a treatment; it would worsen the situation by promoting the conversion of methanol to toxic formaldehyde.
- B. Methanol, which would saturate the methanol oxidase: This option would also be harmful, as adding more methanol would only lead to more formaldehyde production.
- C. Ice, which would shift the equilibrium of the reaction: The reaction is not a typical equilibrium reaction in this context, and cooling the body does not address the metabolic conversion of methanol to formaldehyde.
Thus, administering ethanol is an effective treatment to prevent the toxic effects of methanol metabolism.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
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The extra chromosome 21 in Down syndrome occurs due to a random error in cell division, which leads to the production of an abnormal gamete (egg or sperm) with an extra copy of the chromosome. When this gamete fuses with a normal gamete during fertilization, the resulting zygote has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, and develops into a fetus with Down syndrome.
Down syndrome is characterized by a range of physical and intellectual symptoms, including developmental delays, intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, heart defects, and increased risk of certain medical conditions such as leukemia and Alzheimer's disease. However, the severity and expression of these symptoms can vary widely among affected individuals.
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