Which of the following is the structure through which blood exits the glomerulus? 

 

Ovulation is the process in which an ovarian follicle matures and releases a reproductive egg.

During ovulation, a mature egg is released from the female ovary, enabling it to be fertilized by male sperm cells 1.

Choice A is incorrect because menstruation is the process of shedding the uterine lining, which occurs when an egg is not fertilized.

Choice B is incorrect because fertilization is the process of a sperm cell joining with an egg cell to form a zygote.

Choice D is incorrect because oogenesis is the process of forming female gametes (eggs) in the ovaries.

In DNA, the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) pair together, while cytosine (C) and guanine (G) pair together.

Therefore, the complementary strand of the given DNA sequence 3' TCGATCGCA 5' would have the complementary nitrogenous bases as:

5’ AGCTAGCGT 3’

NOTE: The 5’ to 3’ direction of the complementary strand is opposite to that of the given strand.

Choice A.

3’ AGCTAGCGT 5’ is not correct because it is not complementary to the given strand.

Choice C.

5’ UCGAUCGCA 3’ is not correct because it contains uracil (U), which is a nitrogenous base found in RNA, not DNA.

Choice D.

3’ TCGUTCGCU 3’ is not correct because it also contains uracil (U), which is a nitrogenous base found in RNA, not DNA.

The pulmonary veins are the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Choice A is not correct because the superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart.

Choice B is not correct because the inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart.

Choice C is not correct because the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.

Viruses.

Viruses lack essential machinery needed to reproduce by themselves.

In fact, viruses can only reproduce after infecting a living cell - a process called viral replication.

Once inside a living cell, viruses re-program the cell’s machinery to produce viral proteins and genetic material to make new copies of themselves.

Choice A, Bacteria, is not the correct answer because bacteria have their own metabolic pathways and can reproduce outside of a host cell.

Choice B, Protozoa, is also not the correct answer because protozoa are singlecelled eukaryotes that have their own metabolic pathways and can reproduce outside of a host cell.

Choice C, Helminths, is not the correct answer because helminths are multicellular parasitic worms that have their own metabolic pathways and can reproduce outside of a host cell.

The cytoskeleton of a cell is comprised of protein fibers that provide structural support and help maintain the shape of the cell.

These protein fibers include microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Choice A.

Carbohydrates is not the correct answer because carbohydrates are a type of macromolecule that provides energy to cells and are not a component of the cytoskeleton.

Choice B.

Nucleic acids is not the correct answer because nucleic acids are macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information and are not a component of the cytoskeleton.

Choice C.

Lipids is not the correct answer because lipids are a type of macromolecule that makes up cell membranes and are not a component of the cytoskeleton.

Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidity of chyme.

The pancreas secretes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate, which protects the duodenum by neutralizing the acid that comes from the stomach.

This compound helps neutralize stomach acid generated during the digestive process.

Choice A is incorrect because sodium bicarbonate is not a protease that digests carbohydrates.

Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins, while sodium bicarbonate is a chemical compound that helps neutralize stomach acid.

Choice B is incorrect because sodium bicarbonate does not stimulate the pyloric sphincter.

The pyloric sphincter is a ring of smooth muscle that separates the stomach from the duodenum and regulates the passage of partially digested food (chyme) into the small intestine.

Choice C is incorrect because sodium bicarbonate does not inhibit peristalsis.

Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Microtubule organization.

Centrosomes are organelles that serve as the main microtubule-organizing centers for animal cells.

They regulate the movement of microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures, thereby facilitating changes in the shapes of the membranes of animal cells.

Choice A, Organelle trafficking, is not the correct answer because while centrosomes do play a role in intracellular trafficking during interphase by organizing an astral ray of microtubules, their main function is microtubule organization.

Choice B, Pathogen digestion, is not the correct answer because centrosomes do not play a direct role in pathogen digestion.

Choice C, Cytoplasm formation, is not the correct answer because centrosomes do not play a direct role in cytoplasm formation.

The cell membrane is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells and separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.

It is composed of a lipid bilayer and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Choice B is incorrect because the Golgi apparatus is not present in prokaryotic cells.

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport to other parts of the cell or to be secreted outside the cell.

Choice C is incorrect because chloroplasts are not present in prokaryotic cells.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and some algae that are responsible for photosynthesis.

Choice D is incorrect because the endoplasmic reticulum is not present in prokaryotic cells.

The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

The approximate threshold value for mammalian neurons is -55 mV.

The threshold potential is the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential.

Most often, the threshold potential is a membrane potential value between –50 and –55 mV

The membrane potential of a neuron is determined by the distribution of ions across the cell membrane.

At rest, the inside of a neuron is more negative than the outside due to the presence of negatively charged proteins and other molecules.

The movement of ions across the cell membrane can change the membrane potential.

For example, when sodium ions enter the cell, they make the inside of the cell more positive (less negative), causing depolarization.

Choice B is incorrect because -80 mV is below the typical threshold value for mammalian neurons.

Choice C is incorrect because +35 mV is above the typical threshold value for mammalian neurons.

Choice D is incorrect because 0 mV is above the typical threshold value for mammalian neurons.

ff.

In this cross, both parents are homozygous recessive for the smooth leaf trait

(ff).

This means that all of their offspring will inherit two copies of the recessive allele (f) and will therefore have smooth leaves.

Choice A.

FF x FF is not correct because both parents are homozygous dominant for the fuzzy leaf trait (FF) and all of their offspring will inherit two copies of the dominant allele (F) and will therefore have fuzzy leaves.

Choice B.

Ff x Ff is not correct because both parents are heterozygous for the leaf trait (Ff) and their offspring can inherit either one dominant allele (F) or one recessive allele (f) from each parent, resulting in a 3:1 ratio of fuzzy to smooth leaves. Choice D.

Ff x ff is not correct because one parent is heterozygous for the leaf trait (Ff) while the other is homozygous recessive (ff), resulting in a 1:1 ratio of fuzzy to smooth leaves in their offspring.