Which of the following statements about bacteria and archaea is true?

Immunologic memory is the hallmark of adaptive immunity.

Immunologic memory enables the host to mount a more rapid and efficient immune response upon subsequent exposure to the antigen.

Choice A is incorrect because rapid recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation is a characteristic of innate immunity.

Choice B is incorrect because antigen-independent defense mechanisms are characteristic of innate immunity.

Choice D is incorrect because non-specific host-defense mechanisms are characteristic of innate immunity.

The correct answer is choice A. Orthopnea.

Orthopnea refers to a condition in which a patient experiences difficulty breathing while lying down, but their breathing improves when they sit up or stand.

Choice B, Hypoxia, is not the correct answer because it refers to a condition in which there is a lack of oxygen supply to the body’s tissues.

Choice C, Tachypnea, is not the correct answer because it refers to rapid breathing.

Choice D, Bradypnea, is not the correct answer because it refers to abnormally slow breathing.

The normal flora refers to the microbial community that colonizes on the skin and mucus membrane .

Normal flora can be found in many sites of the human body including the skin, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and the digestive tract.

Choice B is incorrect because normal flora does not refer to a group of infectious parasites that cause diarrheal diseases .

Choice C is incorrect because normal flora does not refer to the genetic material of bacteria housed within a true nucleus .

Choice D is incorrect because normal flora does not refer to the protein coat surrounding the viral genome .

Corpus luteum.

During the menstrual cycle, the corpus luteum in the ovary produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential implantation.

Choice B is incorrect because fimbriae are finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that help guide the egg into the tube.

Choice C is incorrect because a follicle is a sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg.

Choice D is incorrect because the ovarian ligament is a fibrous band of tissue that connects the ovary to the uterus.

The correct answer is choice A. Hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the unique properties of water and play a crucial role in the structure of DNA and proteins.

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic attractions between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

Choice B.

Covalent bonds is incorrect because covalent bonds are strong chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

Choice C.

Ionic bonds is incorrect because ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions.

Choice D.

Van der Waals forces is incorrect because Van der Waals forces are weak intermolecular forces that arise from temporary dipoles induced in atoms or molecules.

The correct answer is choice B.

It decreases the activation energy required for the reaction.

A catalyst provides a new reaction pathway in which a lower activation energy is offered.

This allows more reactant molecules to collide with enough energy to surmount the smaller energy barrier, increasing the rate of reaction 2.

Choice A, It increases the activation energy required for the reaction, is not the correct answer because it describes the opposite effect of a catalyst.

Choice C, It has no effect on the activation energy required for the reaction, is not the correct answer because a catalyst does have an effect on activation energy.

Choice D, It increases the rate of reaction but has no effect on the activation energy, is not the correct answer because a catalyst increases the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy.

The plasma membrane is the organelle that encapsulates the contents of the cell and plays a vital role in regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

It is a selectively permeable barrier that separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment.

Choice A is incorrect because ribosomes are organelles involved in protein synthesis, not in regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Choice B is incorrect because the nucleus is an organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material, not in regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Choice C is incorrect because mitochondria are organelles involved in energy production, not in regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Water is sometimes called the “universal solvent” because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid.

This is due to its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds, which allows it to dissolve ions and polar molecules.

Choice A) Because water dissolves all solutes equally well is incorrect because water does not dissolve all solutes equally well.

Choice B) Because water is a nonpolar solvent is incorrect because water is a polar solvent.

Choice D) Because water is poor at dissolving nonpolar molecules is incorrect because it does not explain why water is called the “universal solvent”.

The correct answer is choice B.

Maintaining normal body temperature and blood pressure.

Early identification and management of potential organ donors must take into consideration specific pathophysiologic changes for medical optimization 1.

The VIPPS (ventilation, infusion and pumping, pharmacological treatment, and specificities) strategy is a mnemonic method that brings together key aspects of the restoration of oxygen delivery to tissues during hemodynamic instability plus organ optimization strategies.

Choice A is incorrect because administering antibiotics to prevent infection is not the most important intervention to preserve organ viability.

Choice C is incorrect because providing emotional support to family members, while important, is not an intervention that directly affects organ viability.

Choice D is incorrect because applying eye drops and ointment to prevent corneal drying is not the most important intervention to preserve organ viability.

The correct answer is choice A. Golgi apparatus.

The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle that is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

Choice B is incorrect because mitochondria are responsible for energy production.

Choice C is incorrect because ribosomes are responsible for protein production.

Choice D is incorrect because the endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid production and protein production, but not for modifying, sorting and packaging proteins and lipids.