A 10-year-old girl demonstrates to her class that water can turn into ice and can also turn back into water. She further explains that water can take the shape of any vessel in which it is poured. These concepts are known as reversibility and conservation, respectively, and are learned in which developmental stage?
Freud's urethral
Piaget's concrete operational
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt
Bowlby's clear-cut attachment
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Freud's psychosexual stages do not include a "urethral" stage. Freud's theory includes oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. The urethral phase is sometimes referenced in psychoanalytic literature but is not part of Freud's core developmental model. It does not pertain to cognitive concepts like reversibility or conservation.
Choice B reason: Piaget's concrete operational stage spans ages 7 to 11 and is characterized by the development of logical thinking about concrete events. During this stage, children begin to understand the concepts of conservation (the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance) and reversibility (the ability to mentally reverse actions). These cognitive abilities are hallmarks of this developmental phase.
Choice C reason: Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage occurs between ages 3 and 6 and focuses on the development of initiative through play and social interaction. While important for emotional and social development, it does not encompass the cognitive milestones of conservation and reversibility.
Choice D reason: Bowlby's clear-cut attachment phase refers to a period in infancy (around 6 to 24 months) when children show strong attachment behaviors toward primary caregivers. This stage is related to emotional bonding and attachment, not cognitive development.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Pharmacokinetics describes how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes a drug—essentially what the body does to the drug. Pharmacodynamics refers to the drug’s effects on the body, including its mechanism of action, receptor interactions, and therapeutic effects.
Choice B reason: This statement reverses the definitions and is therefore incorrect. It misrepresents the foundational concepts of pharmacology.
Choice C reason: While this statement accurately describes pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, it is more detailed than necessary and does not directly contrast the two concepts as clearly as choice A does.
Choice D reason: This statement confuses the definitions. Drug receptors and enzymes are part of pharmacodynamics, not pharmacokinetics. The absorption and metabolism processes belong to pharmacokinetics.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: The role of a group leader is often more complex than that of an individual therapist due to the need to manage group dynamics, multiple personalities, and interpersonal conflicts.
Choice B reason: Training requirements vary by setting and specialty. There is no consistent evidence that group leaders possess more training than individual therapists.
Choice C reason: While loss of control is a risk in any therapeutic setting, this is not a benefit. It represents a potential hazard, not an advantage.
Choice D reason: Group therapy offers unique interpersonal learning opportunities. Members not only receive support but also learn to provide it, enhancing empathy, communication, and relational skills. This mutual exchange fosters growth and insight that individual therapy may not replicate.
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