A 40-year-old man with no medical issues and a BMI of 18 has not seen a primary care provider since he was 17. He has not had any type of immunizations, screenings, or preventive care. Which of the following is the most appropriate theory to explain his behavior?
Self-efficacy theory
Health belief model
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Transtheoretical model of change
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Self-efficacy theory focuses on an individual’s belief in their ability to perform specific behaviors. It does not explain why someone avoids preventive care due to perceived risks or benefits.
Choice B reason: The Health Belief Model explains health behaviors based on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers. It is the most appropriate framework for understanding why someone might avoid preventive care due to low perceived risk or high perceived barriers.
Choice C reason: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a motivational theory that prioritizes physiological and safety needs before higher-level psychological needs. While it may indirectly influence health behavior, it does not specifically address preventive care decisions.
Choice D reason: The Transtheoretical Model of Change describes stages of behavior change (e.g., precontemplation, contemplation). It is useful for guiding interventions but does not explain the underlying beliefs driving avoidance of care.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Freud's psychosexual stages do not include a "urethral" stage. Freud's theory includes oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. The urethral phase is sometimes referenced in psychoanalytic literature but is not part of Freud's core developmental model. It does not pertain to cognitive concepts like reversibility or conservation.
Choice B reason: Piaget's concrete operational stage spans ages 7 to 11 and is characterized by the development of logical thinking about concrete events. During this stage, children begin to understand the concepts of conservation (the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance) and reversibility (the ability to mentally reverse actions). These cognitive abilities are hallmarks of this developmental phase.
Choice C reason: Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage occurs between ages 3 and 6 and focuses on the development of initiative through play and social interaction. While important for emotional and social development, it does not encompass the cognitive milestones of conservation and reversibility.
Choice D reason: Bowlby's clear-cut attachment phase refers to a period in infancy (around 6 to 24 months) when children show strong attachment behaviors toward primary caregivers. This stage is related to emotional bonding and attachment, not cognitive development.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Dextromethorphan is a cough suppressant with NMDA antagonist properties. While it can cause dissociation or mood changes at high doses, it is not commonly associated with inducing depression.
Choice B reason: Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine that may cause sedation or cognitive dulling but is not typically linked to depressive symptoms.
Choice C reason: Isotretinoin, used for severe acne, has been associated with psychiatric side effects including depression and suicidal ideation, particularly in adolescents. Its neuropsychiatric risk profile is well-documented and warrants close monitoring.
Choice D reason: Pseudoephedrine is a decongestant that may cause agitation or insomnia but is not known to induce depression.
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