A 71-year-old client is concerned about an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level because he understands that an elevated PSA is a possible indication of prostate cancer. Which factor should the nurse explain can also cause an elevated PSA level?

Prostate infection.

Prostatectomy.

Tobacco use.

Alcohol consumption.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Prostate infections, such as prostatitis, can cause inflammation and irritation of the prostate gland, which can lead to elevated PSA levels. This is an important factor to explain to the client because PSA elevation is not specific to cancer alone; other benign conditions can also increase PSA. Understanding this helps reduce unnecessary anxiety and informs appropriate follow-up testing.

B. Prostatectomy involves surgical removal of the prostate gland. After a complete prostatectomy, PSA levels typically decrease to undetectable levels rather than increase. Therefore, this procedure would not cause elevated PSA.

C. Tobacco use is associated with various cancers and cardiovascular disease but does not directly elevate PSA levels. While smoking has systemic effects, it is not a recognized cause of increased PSA.

D. Alcohol consumption affects liver function and overall health but is not linked to elevated PSA levels. There is no direct correlation between alcohol intake and PSA elevations in prostate screening.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Avoiding stimulation of the breasts and wearing a supportive, tight-fitting bra is the most effective method for managing engorgement in a client who is not breastfeeding. Stimulation (including pumping or hand expression) can increase milk production, worsening engorgement. A firm bra provides support and comfort while reducing swelling and pressure.

B. Taking an analgesic and exposing breasts to air may provide temporary comfort, but exposing the breasts can actually worsen engorgement and stimulate milk production. This approach is not as effective as preventing stimulation and providing support.

C. Placing warm packs on the breasts is recommended for breastfeeding women to facilitate milk let-down and ease discomfort before feeding. In a bottle-feeding client, heat can increase blood flow and milk production, potentially worsening engorgement.

D. Expressing a small amount of breast milk by hand provides temporary relief, but in a client who is bottle feeding, it may stimulate further milk production and prolong engorgement.

A. Reduced level of pain. B. Improved visual acuity. C. Full volume of pedal pulses. D. Granulating tissue in foot ulcer.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. A reduced level of pain indicates the medication is effective. Within several days of starting therapy, clients may notice a decrease in pain intensity, improved sleep, or increased ability to perform daily activities. This is the primary therapeutic goal of pregabalin. Monitoring pain levels using a standardized pain scale helps determine the effectiveness and need for dosage adjustments.

B. Improved visual acuity is unrelated to pregabalin. Visual changes in clients with diabetes are typically associated with diabetic retinopathy or cataracts. Pregabalin has no effect on eye health or vision.

C. Full volume of pedal pulses reflects peripheral circulation and arterial blood flow, which is influenced by vascular status rather than neuropathic pain. Pregabalin does not improve circulation or affect pulse volume.

D. Granulating tissue in a foot ulcer indicates wound healing but is not a direct effect of pregabalin. While pain relief might help the client engage in self-care or mobility, promoting tissue repair involves glycemic control, infection management, and wound care interventions, not neuropathic pain medications.

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A 71-year-old client is concerned about an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level because he understands that an elevated PSA is a possible indication of prostate cancer. Which factor should the nurse explain can also cause an elevated PSA level?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A postpartal client who is bottle feeding develops breast engorgement. Which is the best recommendation for the nurse to provide this client?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A client with diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been taking pregabalin for 4 days. Which finding indicates to the nurse that the medication is effective?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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