A client receives a prescription for 1 L of lactated Ringer's IV to be infused over 12 hours. The IV administration set delivers 15 gtt/mL. How many gtt/min should the nurse regulate the infusion? (Enter numerical value only. If rounding is required, round to the nearest whole number.)

A.

In end-stage kidney failure, nephron damage is permanent and irreversible. Increasing protein does not restore kidney function.

B. Clients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) who are receiving dialysis require increased protein intake. Dialysis removes not only waste products but also amino acids and proteins. Without adequate protein intake, the client is at risk for malnutrition, muscle wasting, poor wound healing, and decreased energy. Therefore, protein intake is increased to replace losses and maintain nutritional status.

C. Protein restriction is appropriate in earlier stages of chronic kidney disease to reduce workload on the kidneys. However, once the client is on dialysis, protein needs increase.

D. Protein intake should be decreased to prevent the buildup of nitrogenous wastes, which the failing kidneys cannot adequately filter. Dialysis can help remove these wastes, but dietary management is still crucial.

A. Decreasing expiratory pressure might not directly address the elevated PaCO2 and low pH.

B. Increasing tidal volume may help, but it’s more critical to address the ventilation rate first.

C. Increasing the rate of ventilation will help blow off more CO2, correcting the respiratory acidosis (elevated PaCO2 and low pH).

D. Decreasing expiratory flow time is less relevant than adjusting ventilation rates in this scenario.