A nurse in the prenatal clinic is caring for a client who is at 10 weeks gestation. During the visit the client asks about the cause of their heartburn. The nurse would provide which of the following responses?

Pressure from the growing uterus displaces the stomach

Increased estrogen production causes increased secretion of hydrochloric acid

Increased progesterone production during pregnancy slows gastrointestinal motility

Retained bile in the liver results in delayed digestion

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Pressure from the growing uterus displaces the stomach: While the growing uterus does exert pressure on the stomach later in pregnancy, heartburn (acid reflux) at 10 weeks is more likely due to hormonal changes rather than uterine displacement, which typically becomes more noticeable in the second trimester.

B. Increased estrogen production causes increased secretion of hydrochloric acid: Increased estrogen levels during pregnancy are not linked to increased hydrochloric acid secretion as the primary cause of heartburn. While hormones do play a role, it's not typically through enhanced acid production.

C. Increased progesterone production during pregnancy slows gastrointestinal motility: Progesterone is the main hormone responsible for slowing gastrointestinal motility, leading to delayed gastric emptying and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, which can cause heartburn or acid reflux.

D. Retained bile in the liver results in delayed digestion: This is not a primary cause of heartburn during pregnancy. Delayed digestion due to hormonal effects, particularly from progesterone, is the more likely cause of heartburn in the early stages of pregnancy.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Be able to turn over onto the back: At around 4 months of age, many infants develop the ability to roll over, typically from the front to the back. This is a key developmental milestone that occurs around this time.

B. Have many "blue" or moody periods: While infants can experience some moodiness especially during growth spurts or teething, this is not a key milestone at 4 months. "Blue" periods are more characteristic of later stages when infants develop more complex emotions.

C. Insist on things being done the infant's way: At 4 months, infants are still in the early stages of development and do not yet exhibit behaviors like insisting on things being done their way. Such behaviors typically develop much later, around the toddler years.

D. Develop a fear of strangers: Fear of strangers typically develops later, around 6 to 8 months of age, as part of the infant's attachment process. It is not generally expected at 4 months.

A. "Your baby's defect is small and will likely close on its own by 1 year of age" B. "With a small defect like this, they wait until the child is 10 years old to do the surgery" C. "It is common for health-care providers to wait until an infant develops respiratory distress before they do surgery" D. "It is always helpful to get a second opinion about any serious condition like this"

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. "Your baby's defect is small and will likely close on its own by 1 year of age": Small VSDs often close spontaneously within the first year, and surgery is usually not needed unless the defect is large or causing symptoms.

B. "With a small defect like this, they wait until the child is 10 years old to do the surgery": Surgery for a small VSD is generally not needed unless complications arise. Most close naturally in infancy.

C. "It is common for health-care providers to wait until an infant develops respiratory distress before they do surgery": While respiratory distress is a symptom that might prompt surgical consideration for a VSD, healthcare providers do not wait for a child to develop severe symptoms before intervening. Surgery is considered based on symptoms and defect size.

D. "It is always helpful to get a second opinion about any serious condition like this": A second opinion is not necessary for most small VSDs, which often close on their own. The focus should be on providing accurate information and reassurance.

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A nurse in the prenatal clinic is caring for a client who is at 10 weeks gestation. During the visit the client asks about the cause of their heartburn. The nurse would provide which of the following responses?

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