A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about Piaget's stages of cognitive development. The nurse should reinforce that abstract thinking develops during which of the following stages?

Choice A reason : Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. While certain factors like immobility, surgery, and certain medications can increase the risk of DVT, living in a crowded apartment building is not typically associated with an increased risk of developing this condition.

Choice B reason : Crowded living conditions can increase the risk of the spread of infectious diseases. This is due to the close proximity of individuals, which facilitates the transmission of pathogens through respiratory droplets, shared surfaces, and common areas. Diseases such as respiratory infections, meningococcal disease, rheumatic fever, and tuberculosis are particularly associated with crowded living conditions.

Choice C reason : Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. It is not directly linked to living conditions but can be influenced by genetic factors and possibly environmental triggers. However, there is no established connection between crowded living conditions and the development of rheumatoid arthritis.

Choice D reason : While weight gain can be influenced by a variety of factors including diet, exercise, and genetics, there is no direct correlation between living in a crowded apartment and weight gain. However, it's worth noting that socioeconomic factors and limited access to healthy food options or safe areas for physical activity, which can be associated with crowded living conditions, may indirectly contribute to weight gain.

Choice A reason : Determining the success of coping strategies is an important part of the nursing process, but it is not the first step when caring for a client experiencing grief. The initial step should be to assess the client's current state, including their grieving process, before evaluating the effectiveness of past coping strategies.

Choice B reason : Establishing whether the client's grieving is healthy or complicated is the first action the nurse should take according to the nursing process. This assessment helps to identify the client's needs and guides the subsequent planning of care. Healthy grieving is a natural response to loss, whereas complicated grief may require more intensive intervention and support.

Choice C reason : Developing client-specific goals and outcomes is a crucial part of the nursing process but should come after the nurse has established a clear understanding of the client's grieving process. Goals and outcomes should be based on the initial assessment and tailored to the client's individual situation.

Choice D reason : Incorporating the treatment into the client's care is part of the implementation phase of the nursing process. This step occurs after the nurse has assessed the client, established goals, and planned interventions. Treatment should be based on a thorough understanding of the client's grieving process.