A nurse is caring for a client who has dehydration and reports muscle cramps and constipation. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse expect?

Rationale

A. The provider obtains verbal consent for the procedure without witnessing the client's signature: While verbal consent may be appropriate for some low-risk procedures, most invasive or high-risk procedures require written consent. Obtaining consent without documentation does not meet legal or ethical standards for informed consent and may place both the client and provider at risk.

B. The provider performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining informed consent: The provider who will perform the procedure must ensure the client understands the risks, benefits, alternatives, and potential outcomes. This responsibility ensures the client receives accurate, procedure-specific information from the person most qualified to answer questions and address concerns.

C. The nurse's role is to provide the client with initial information about the procedure prior to obtaining informed consent: The nurse’s role is to reinforce teaching, clarify information, and ensure the client comprehends the procedure. Nurses can answer questions and verify understanding but do not obtain legal consent for invasive procedures.

D. Clients are unable to change their mind once a consent form is signed: Clients have the right to withdraw consent at any time, even after signing the consent form. Respecting autonomy means that the client can refuse or discontinue a procedure without penalty, and this right must be communicated as part of the informed consent process.

Rationale

A. Sublimation: Sublimation involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or constructive activities, such as exercising or creating art. Smoking to manage anxiety does not transform the impulse into a positive behavior, so this does not fit.

B. Projection: Projection occurs when an individual attributes their own unacceptable feelings or impulses onto someone else. The client is not blaming others for their anxiety or behavior, so projection is not demonstrated here.

C. Rationalization: Rationalization involves justifying behaviors with seemingly logical reasons to avoid confronting the true underlying feelings. The client explains smoking as a way to manage anxiety, providing a rational explanation for a behavior that may have deeper psychological or habitual roots.

D. Dissociation: Dissociation involves disconnecting from reality or separating oneself from thoughts, feelings, or identity. The client remains aware of their behavior and feelings, so dissociation is not applicable in this scenario.