A nurse is contributing to a presentation about nonpharmacological interventions used to promote sleep. Which of the following information should the nurse recommend including in the presentation?

A. Hyperactivity is not a common adverse effect of OTC sleep aids. These medications, which often contain antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, are generally sedating rather than stimulating, and they are more likely to cause drowsiness, grogginess, or confusion, especially in older adults.

B. Diarrhea is not typically associated with OTC sleep aids. While gastrointestinal upset can occasionally occur with any medication, diarrhea is not a characteristic or common adverse effect of these sedating agents.

C. Excessive salivation is not commonly seen with OTC sleep aids. In fact, antihistamine-containing sleep aids more often cause dry mouth rather than increased salivation due to their anticholinergic effects.

D. Urinary retention is a potential adverse effect of OTC sleep aids that contain antihistamines. Anticholinergic properties of these medications can reduce bladder detrusor muscle activity, making it difficult for clients to empty the bladder. This effect is particularly concerning in older adults or clients with preexisting urinary issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia.

A. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors, which promote sleepiness. Consuming caffeinated beverages within several hours of bedtime can significantly delay sleep onset, reduce total sleep time, and fragment sleep cycles. For clients who have trouble falling asleep, caffeine intake should be avoided at least 4–6 hours before bedtime to prevent interference with natural sleep patterns.

B. Television, smartphones, and other electronic devices emit blue light that suppresses melatonin secretion, which is necessary for initiating and maintaining sleep. Additionally, the content viewed can be stimulating or stressful, further delaying the onset of sleep. Nurses should encourage clients to minimize screen exposure before bedtime.

C. Excessively warming the room can be disruptive because the body naturally lowers its core temperature to initiate sleep. A cooler, comfortable room temperature (around 18–21°C or 65–70°F) supports the body’s thermoregulation during sleep and promotes deeper, more restorative sleep cycles.

D. Dimming the lights at bedtime signals the brain that it is time to prepare for sleep by increasing melatonin production. This nonpharmacologic intervention helps the client transition from wakefulness to sleep, reduces environmental stimuli, and promotes relaxation. Other complementary interventions may include creating a quiet environment, using calming scents or music, and encouraging a consistent bedtime routine to strengthen the circadian rhythm.