A nurse is providing teaching about health promotion to a guardian of an 11-month-old infant who is bottle-fed and has dental caries. Which of the following statements by the infant's guardian indicates an understanding of the teaching?

A. Transdermal patch: Combined hormonal contraceptives, such as the transdermal patch, contain both estrogen and progestin. Estrogen increases the risk of thromboembolic events, particularly in clients over 35 who smoke, making it contraindicated for this client due to increased risk of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction.

B. Vaginal ring: The vaginal ring also delivers combined estrogen and progestin. Although it is administered locally, systemic absorption still occurs, and the associated estrogen exposure poses similar cardiovascular risks to smokers over 35, making it inappropriate for this client.

C. Cervical cap: The cervical cap is a barrier method of contraception that does not involve hormones. It physically prevents sperm from entering the cervix and does not carry the cardiovascular risks associated with estrogen-containing methods. This makes it a safe and effective contraceptive choice for a 37-year-old client who smokes.

D. Oral contraception: Combined oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin. Estrogen exposure in smokers over 35 significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular events, including thrombosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Therefore, oral contraceptives are contraindicated for this client.

A. Administer a prescribed diuretic: Diuretics are used to promote urine production but are not the first-line intervention for postpartum urinary retention. They can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances and do not address the underlying issue of bladder atony or difficulty initiating urination.

B. Apply an ice pack to the client's perineum: Ice packs are used to reduce perineal swelling and provide comfort after vaginal delivery, but they do not facilitate bladder emptying. Applying ice may actually inhibit urination by causing local vasoconstriction and decreased sensation.

C. Place the client's hands in warm water: Submerging the client’s hands in warm water can stimulate the micturition reflex via the parasympathetic nervous system. This noninvasive measure promotes relaxation of the urethral sphincter and facilitates spontaneous voiding, making it an appropriate first intervention for postpartum urinary retention.

D. Insert an indwelling catheter: Catheterization is effective for relieving acute urinary retention but is invasive and carries a risk of infection. It is reserved for cases when noninvasive measures, such as bladder scanning, positioning, or warm water stimulation, have failed.