A nurse is teaching about neural tube defects to a group of pregnant females. Which of the following disease processes should the nurse include as an example of a neural tube defect?
Cerebral palsy.
Muscular dystrophy.
Spina bifida.
Hydrocephalus.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: Cerebral palsy results from brain injury, often perinatally, affecting movement and posture, not from neural tube closure failure. It involves motor cortex damage, not structural defects of the neural tube, which forms early in embryonic development, making it unrelated to neural tube defects.
Choice B reason: Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder causing progressive muscle degeneration, not a neural tube defect. It affects muscle fibers, not the embryonic neural tube, which forms the brain and spinal cord, distinguishing it from conditions like spina bifida.
Choice C reason: Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where the embryonic neural tube fails to close, causing spinal cord and vertebral defects. This congenital malformation can lead to neurological impairments, like paralysis, due to exposed or malformed spinal structures, a hallmark of neural tube defects.
Choice D reason: Hydrocephalus involves cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the brain, often secondary to other conditions, but is not a primary neural tube defect. It results from impaired fluid dynamics, not failure of neural tube closure, distinguishing it from spina bifida’s embryonic origin.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Woolen clothes can irritate eczema-prone skin, exacerbating inflammation and itching due to their rough texture. Eczema involves a defective skin barrier, and irritants like wool trigger flares, increasing discomfort and risking secondary infections from scratching, making this advice harmful.
Choice B reason: Fabric softeners contain fragrances and chemicals that can irritate eczema, worsening skin inflammation. Eczema requires hypoallergenic, fragrance-free detergents to minimize skin reactions, as the compromised skin barrier is highly sensitive to chemical irritants, leading to increased itching and flares.
Choice C reason: Topical corticosteroids reduce inflammation, redness, and itching in eczema by suppressing immune-mediated skin reactions. They restore the skin barrier, prevent flares, and reduce the risk of infection from scratching. Proper application under medical guidance is a cornerstone of eczema management in children.
Choice D reason: Bubble baths, with soaps and fragrances, strip natural oils from eczema-prone skin, worsening dryness and irritation. Daily baths should use gentle, fragrance-free cleansers to maintain skin hydration, as irritants exacerbate the defective skin barrier, leading to increased inflammation and discomfort.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Pooling of blood in a cerebral space, such as a hematoma, can cause seizures by exerting pressure on brain tissue, disrupting neural activity. However, this is unrelated to febrile seizures, which are specifically triggered by rapid temperature changes, not vascular abnormalities, making this an incorrect cause.
Choice B reason: Febrile seizures are caused by a sudden rise in body temperature, often due to infections like viral illnesses. The rapid temperature increase stimulates neuronal hyperexcitability in young children, leading to seizures. This is the primary mechanism, typically seen in children aged 6 months to 5 years.
Choice C reason: Head or neck trauma causing a concussion can trigger seizures by disrupting brain function through inflammation or neuronal damage. However, febrile seizures are specifically linked to fever, not trauma. Concussive seizures require different management, making this an incorrect cause for febrile seizures.
Choice D reason: Structural brain defects, such as cortical dysplasia, can cause seizures by creating abnormal neural circuits. These are associated with epilepsy, not febrile seizures, which are benign and triggered by fever. Structural defects are a chronic condition, unlike the acute temperature-related mechanism of febrile seizures.
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