A nurse observes a patient with bluish discoloration of the skin. Which layer of the skin is primarily involved in this phenomenon?
Dermis
Epidermis
Subcutaneous layer
Muscle tissue
The Correct Answer is C
A. Dermis: The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. While it supports skin function, the bluish discoloration seen in cyanosis occurs deeper, often related to oxygen-depleted blood in the capillaries of the subcutaneous tissue rather than the dermis itself.
B. Epidermis: The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and lacks blood vessels. Color changes in the skin due to oxygenation are not primarily visible in this layer because it does not contain the vascular structures responsible for cyanosis.
C. Subcutaneous layer: The subcutaneous layer, located beneath the dermis, contains small blood vessels and fat. Cyanosis, or bluish skin discoloration, occurs when there is insufficient oxygen in the blood, which is most noticeable in areas where subcutaneous vessels are close to the skin surface.
D. Muscle tissue: Muscle tissue lies beneath the subcutaneous layer and is not directly visible through the skin. Changes in skin color, such as bluish discoloration, are not primarily associated with muscle tissue but with superficial vascular changes.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. It helps in the transportation of oxygen across the alveolar membrane: Oxygen transport across the alveolar membrane depends on diffusion driven by concentration gradients, not directly on surfactant.
B. It increases the rate of oxygen absorption in the lungs: Surfactant does not directly increase oxygen absorption; it facilitates gas exchange indirectly by maintaining alveolar stability.
C. It reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse: Surfactant is a lipid-protein substance that lines alveoli, lowering surface tension. This prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation and allows easier expansion during inhalation, improving overall lung function.
D. It supports the structural integrity of the bronchial walls: Bronchial walls are supported by cartilage and smooth muscle, not surfactant, which primarily functions within the alveoli.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Larynx: The larynx houses the vocal cords and contributes to airway protection and sound production. While it moves upward during swallowing to help partially close the airway, it does not directly block food from entering the trachea; the epiglottis is the main structure that performs this protective function.
B. Bronchi: The bronchi are the main airways that branch from the trachea into the lungs. They do not actively prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing. If food reaches the bronchi, it indicates aspiration, which can lead to serious respiratory complications.
C. Epiglottis: The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing. It directs food and liquids into the esophagus, preventing them from entering the respiratory tract. This protective mechanism is crucial for preventing choking and aspiration pneumonia.
D. Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a primary muscle of respiration, creating negative pressure to allow inhalation. It does not participate in swallowing or airway protection, and it does not prevent food or liquids from entering the trachea.
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