A nursing student asks a nurse to clarify the differences between the mechanisms of spontaneous mutation and conjugation in acquired resistance of microbes. What will the nurse say?
Conjugation results in a gradual increase in resistance.
Spontaneous mutation can transfer DNA from one organism to another.
Conjugation results in random changes in the microbe's DNA.
Spontaneous mutation leads to resistance to only one antimicrobial agent.
The Correct Answer is D
A. Conjugation results in a gradual increase in resistance: Conjugation does not occur gradually; instead, it allows for the rapid transfer of resistance genes between bacteria, often leading to multidrug resistance in a single step.
B. Spontaneous mutation can transfer DNA from one organism to another: Spontaneous mutation occurs within the DNA of a single organism and does not involve transferring genetic material between bacteria. DNA transfer is characteristic of conjugation.
C. Conjugation results in random changes in the microbe's DNA: Conjugation does not involve random DNA changes but rather the exchange of plasmids or resistance genes between bacteria, leading to predictable resistance patterns.
D. Spontaneous mutation leads to resistance to only one antimicrobial agent: Mutations occur randomly in a single bacterium’s DNA and typically confer resistance to one specific drug. This is the hallmark of spontaneous mutation, unlike conjugation, which can spread resistance to multiple drugs.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Serosanguineous: This type of drainage is watery and pink to light red, reflecting a mixture of plasma (serous fluid) and small amounts of blood. It is commonly seen in the early stages of wound healing and is the most accurate description of watery red drainage.
B. Sanguineous: Sanguineous drainage is primarily composed of blood, making it thicker and bright red. It usually indicates active bleeding and would not appear watery in consistency.
C. Serous: Serous drainage is clear or slightly yellow and watery, resembling plasma. It does not contain red blood cells, so it would not appear red or pink.
D. Purulent: Purulent drainage is thick, opaque, and often green, yellow, or brown due to infection and the presence of white blood cells, bacteria, and cellular debris not watery red drainage.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. "You will have a stoma placed in your right lower abdomen.": An ileostomy is created from the ileum, which is located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. Therefore, the stoma is placed in the right lower abdomen.
B. "You will have solid stool pass through your stoma.": Stool from an ileostomy is liquid to semi-liquid because it bypasses the colon, where water absorption occurs. Solid stool is more characteristic of a colostomy, not an ileostomy.
C. "You should expect your stoma to be a purple color.": A healthy stoma should be moist and pink to bright red, reflecting adequate blood supply. A purple, brown, or black stoma suggests ischemia or necrosis and requires immediate medical attention.
D. "The end of the stoma will be painful after this procedure.": The stoma itself does not have nerve endings, so it should not be painful. Any postoperative discomfort would come from the surgical incision, not from the stoma opening.
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