A nursing student asks a nurse to clarify the differences between the mechanisms of spontaneous mutation and conjugation in acquired resistance of microbes. What will the nurse say?
Conjugation results in a gradual increase in resistance.
Spontaneous mutation can transfer DNA from one organism to another.
Conjugation results in random changes in the microbe's DNA.
Spontaneous mutation leads to resistance to only one antimicrobial agent.
The Correct Answer is D
A. Conjugation results in a gradual increase in resistance: Conjugation does not occur gradually; instead, it allows for the rapid transfer of resistance genes between bacteria, often leading to multidrug resistance in a single step.
B. Spontaneous mutation can transfer DNA from one organism to another: Spontaneous mutation occurs within the DNA of a single organism and does not involve transferring genetic material between bacteria. DNA transfer is characteristic of conjugation.
C. Conjugation results in random changes in the microbe's DNA: Conjugation does not involve random DNA changes but rather the exchange of plasmids or resistance genes between bacteria, leading to predictable resistance patterns.
D. Spontaneous mutation leads to resistance to only one antimicrobial agent: Mutations occur randomly in a single bacterium’s DNA and typically confer resistance to one specific drug. This is the hallmark of spontaneous mutation, unlike conjugation, which can spread resistance to multiple drugs.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Increased gastric acid production: Older adults typically experience a decline in gastric acid secretion rather than an increase. Reduced acid production can affect digestion and absorption of certain nutrients such as vitamin B12 and iron.
B. Decreased pH of the stomach: With aging, gastric acid secretion decreases, leading to a higher, not lower, stomach pH. This change can contribute to altered digestion and increased susceptibility to certain infections.
C. Decreased intestinal peristalsis: Aging often slows gastrointestinal motility, resulting in decreased peristalsis. This contributes to common issues such as constipation and delayed gastric emptying in older adults.
D. Increased muscle tone of the bowel: Muscle tone generally decreases with aging, including within the gastrointestinal tract. Reduced tone further contributes to slowed motility and bowel function.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Temporary urinary retention: After removal of an indwelling catheter, some clients may experience temporary difficulty initiating urination due to decreased bladder tone or sphincter control. Monitoring for urinary retention is an expected nursing responsibility post-catheter removal.
B. Blood-tinged urine: While mild trauma can occasionally cause slight hematuria, blood-tinged urine is not an expected outcome. Persistent or visible blood suggests possible urethral injury or infection and would require provider notification.
C. Urinary frequency for several days: Frequency is not typical after short-term catheter use. Instead, frequency may indicate bladder irritation, infection, or other underlying urinary tract pathology rather than being an expected outcome.
D. Highly concentrated urine: Urine concentration depends on hydration status, not catheter removal. Concentrated urine may signal dehydration but is not directly related to the removal of an indwelling catheter.
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