A patient has been diagnosed with ST-elevated myocardial infarction. The nurse anticipates administering which of the following medications?
(Select All that Apply.)

A. Valvular regurgitation itself does not typically cause fever and malaise. These symptoms might be associated with an underlying infection, such as endocarditis, which can be a complication of valvular regurgitation, but they are not direct effects of the regurgitation itself.
B. This statement accurately describes one of the primary effects of valvular regurgitation. When a valve does not close properly, blood flows backward into the chamber from which it came. This backward flow

leads to volume overload in that chamber, as it receives extra blood that should have moved forward into the next chamber or artery.
C. Valvular regurgitation does not cause an autoimmune reaction affecting the connective tissue of the heart. Autoimmune reactions related to heart valves are typically associated with conditions like rheumatic fever, which can cause damage to the heart valves and lead to regurgitation, but the regurgitation itself is not an autoimmune reaction.
D. This statement describes a condition known as stenosis, not regurgitation. Stenosis is the narrowing of a heart valve or vessel that restricts blood flow and can lead to increased cardiac output to overcome the obstruction.

A. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle refers to the thickening of the walls of the right ventricle of the heart. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is not a typical consequence of rheumatic fever. Instead, rheumatic fever more commonly affects the heart valves.
B. Superior vena cava syndrome occurs when there is obstruction of the superior vena cava, which is a major vein that carries blood from the head, neck, and upper body to the heart. It is not a direct consequence of rheumatic fever.
C. Valvular heart disease is a significant long-term consequence of rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can cause inflammation of the heart valves, leading to damage that may result in stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) of the valves. The mitral and aortic valves are most commonly affected. This damage can progress over time and lead to chronic heart problems, including valvular heart disease.
D. Pulmonary hypertension refers to high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. It can be caused by various conditions, including chronic lung diseases and left heart disease. While rheumatic fever primarily affects the heart valves and can potentially lead to heart failure, it is not a direct cause of pulmonary hypertension.