A patient who presents to your pharmacy complaining of itchy watery eyes, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing is likely experiencing:
A cold
Sinusitis
Influenza
Allergic rhinitis
The Correct Answer is D
Allergic rhinitis is a common inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa triggered by an IgE-mediated response to inhaled allergens. This hypersensitivity reaction leads to the release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory mediators from mast cells. It is often categorized as seasonal or perennial depending on the trigger. Effective management involves allergen avoidance and the use of antihistamines or intranasal corticosteroids to control the inflammatory cascade.
Rationale:
A. A cold, or viral upper respiratory infection, typically presents with a sore throat, low-grade fever, and thick, discolored mucus. While sneezing and congestion occur, itchy watery eyes are less characteristic of a viral infection than an allergic one. Colds usually resolve within 7 to 10 days, whereas allergic symptoms persist as long as the trigger is present.
B. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses often characterized by facial pain, pressure, and purulent nasal discharge. It is frequently associated with a diminished sense of smell and a cough that worsens at night. It does not typically present with the "itchy" symptoms that define an allergic profile, and the discharge is usually opaque rather than clear.
C. Influenza is a systemic viral infection characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, and severe malaise. While respiratory symptoms are present, the systemic toxicity and exhaustion are far more prominent than the localized itching and sneezing found in rhinitis. It is a more severe illness that involves the lower respiratory tract more frequently than simple allergies.
D. Allergic rhinitis is the most likely diagnosis given the constellation of symptoms, particularly the pruritic (itchy) eyes and clear rhinorrhea. The sneezing and congestion are classic responses to allergen exposure, such as pollen or dust mites. The absence of fever and the presence of "itchy" markers strongly suggest a hypersensitivity reaction rather than an infectious process.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Step 1 is to convert the ratio 1:400 to a percentage
(1 ÷ 400) × 100
1 ÷ 400 = 0.0025
0.0025 × 100 = 0.25
Result at this step = 0.25%
Step 2 is to calculate the volume of stock solution needed using (C1 × V1 = C2 × V2)
V1 = (C2 × V2) ÷ C1
(0.25 × 1000) ÷ 25
0.25 × 1000 = 250
250 ÷ 25 = 10
Result at this step = 10 mL
Step 3 is to calculate the amount of water needed
Water = Total volume - Stock volume
1000 - 10 = 990
Result at this step = 990 mL
Answer: A
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Lipoproteins are complex particles that transport hydrophobic lipids through the aqueous environment of the blood. They consist of a core of triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters surrounded by a shell of phospholipids and apolipoproteins. These particles are classified by their density and origin. The exogenous pathway handles lipids from the diet, while the endogenous pathway handles lipids synthesized within the liver.
Rationale:
A. Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) is formed during the conversion of VLDL to LDL. It is a transient particle in the endogenous pathway and is relatively enriched in cholesterol compared to its precursor. It is not synthesized in the intestinal mucosa and does not primarily carry dietary (exogenous) lipids.
B. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is involved in reverse cholesterol transport, moving cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver. It contains a high protein-to-lipid ratio, making it the densest lipoprotein. It is synthesized by the liver and intestine but is not used for the bulk transport of dietary triacylglycerols.
C. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the primary carrier of cholesterol to peripheral tissues. It is derived from the metabolism of VLDL and IDL in the circulation. LDL is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" when levels are elevated, but it is not synthesized in the intestine or responsible for initial dietary fat transport.
D. Chylomicrons are the lipoproteins synthesized in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) following the absorption of dietary fats. They have the lowest density because they contain up to 90% triacylglycerol. Their primary function is to transport exogenous lipids from the intestine to the rest of the body via the lymphatic system.
E. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is synthesized in the liver, not the intestinal mucosa. While it contains a high concentration of triacylglycerols, these are endogenously synthesized lipids rather than dietary ones. VLDL is the precursor to IDL and LDL in the systemic circulation's lipid delivery network.
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