Which primary receptor is responsible to bind coronaviruses?
CD40 Receptors
Complement Receptor
ACE-2
Chemokine Receptor
The Correct Answer is C
Coronaviruses utilize specific host cell surface proteins to facilitate viral entry and membrane fusion. The spike protein (S) of the virus has a high affinity for specific enzymes located on human epithelial cells. This binding triggers endocytosis or direct fusion, allowing the viral RNA to enter the cytoplasm. The distribution of these receptors determines the tissue tropism of the infection.
Rationale:
A. CD40 receptors are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on antigen-presenting cells. They play a critical role in T-cell dependent B-cell activation and inflammatory responses. While important for the immune response to viruses, coronaviruses do not use CD40 as their primary entry portal.
B. Complement receptors bind to fragments of complement proteins (like C3b) to facilitate the clearance of immune complexes and pathogens. They are part of the innate immune system and assist in phagocytosis. They are not the specific targets for the spike protein attachment mechanism used by coronaviruses.
C. ACE-2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) is the primary functional receptor for coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The viral spike protein binds to the peptidase domain of ACE-2 on host cells. This receptor is highly expressed in the alveolar epithelium, explaining the severe respiratory symptoms associated with these infections.
D. Chemokine receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that guide leukocyte migration during inflammation. While some viruses, such as HIV, utilize specific chemokine receptors (like CCR5 or CXCR4) as co-receptors for entry, coronaviruses primarily rely on carboxypeptidases like ACE-2 rather than the chemokine receptor system.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]
Explanation
Healthcare disparities among individuals with impairments are often the result of multifaceted barriers that impede access to necessary services. These barriers can be economic, physical, or social, collectively leading to poorer health outcomes. Identifying these obstacles is the first step toward creating an equitable healthcare system. Providers must be aware of these challenges to implement accommodations that facilitate inclusive care and respect the autonomy of all patients.
Rationale:
A. The inability to afford medical devices, such as mobility aids or specialized hearing equipment, represents a significant financial barrier. Many individuals with impairments live on fixed incomes, and high out-of-pocket costs can prevent them from obtaining essential tools for daily functioning. This economic constraint directly limits their ability to manage their health and maintain independence.
B. Transportation challenges are a common structural barrier for those with physical or sensory impairments. Lack of accessible public transit or the inability to drive can make attending regular medical appointments nearly impossible. This leads to missed screenings and delayed treatment for chronic conditions. Geographic isolation further compounds the difficulty of accessing specialized healthcare providers.
C. A lack of respect from providers constitutes an attitudinal barrier that can discourage patients from seeking care. Bias, stereotyping, or "diagnostic overshadowing"—where symptoms are incorrectly attributed to a disability—erodes the therapeutic relationship. When patients feel devalued, they are less likely to communicate openly, which compromises the quality of clinical assessments.
D. Claiming that individuals with impairments face no potential barriers is a factual error that ignores documented social and systemic inequalities. Extensive research confirms that people with disabilities encounter significantly more obstacles to care than the general population. Denying these barriers prevents the implementation of necessary reforms and perpetuates healthcare inequities across the disability community.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Step 1 is to convert the aspirin dose per suppository to grams
300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3
Result at this step = 0.3 g
Step 2 is to calculate the weight of the base displaced by the drug
(Drug weight ÷ Density factor)
(0.3 ÷ 1.3) = 0.2307
Result at this step = 0.2307 g
Step 3 is to calculate the actual weight of the base needed per suppository
(Weight of blank base - Weight of base displaced)
2 - 0.2307 = 1.7693
Result at this step = 1.7693 g
Step 4 is to calculate the total number of suppositories
(Total base available ÷ Base needed per suppository)
31 ÷ 1.7693 = 17.52
Result at this step = 17.52
Step 5 is to round down to the nearest whole number for completed suppositories
17.52 ≈ 17
Answer: 17
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