________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.
Impaired use.
Redness.
Pain.
Heat.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Impaired use, while often associated with inflammation due to pain and swelling, is a functional consequence rather than a primary cardinal sign. The classic cardinal signs, established by Celsus and later Galen, are rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain), representing direct physiological responses at the site of inflammation.
Choice B rationale
Redness (rubor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation caused by vasodilation of local arterioles. This increased blood flow, a process called hyperemia, brings more red blood cells to the affected tissue, resulting in the characteristic erythematous appearance. This physiological response is crucial for delivering immune cells and mediators.
Choice C rationale
Pain (dolor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation resulting from the stimulation of nociceptors by chemical mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandins, and substance P. This sensory input signals tissue damage and helps to protect the injured area by limiting movement and promoting rest.
Choice D rationale
Heat (calor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation, primarily due to increased blood flow (hyperemia) to the affected area. The dilated arterioles bring more warm blood from the body's core to the surface, raising the local temperature and contributing to the overall inflammatory response.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart. It is typically positioned posterior to the aorta and enters the heart inferiorly, collecting blood from the lower extremities and abdominal organs, and its walls are thinner and less muscular compared to arterial structures.
Choice B rationale
The superior vena cava is a large vein that transports deoxygenated blood from the upper body, including the head, neck, and upper limbs, to the right atrium of the heart. It is situated anterior and to the right of the aorta in the mediastinum, and its venous structure distinguishes it from the thick-walled arterial vessels.
Choice C rationale
The aorta is the largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it branches into smaller arteries. Its thick, elastic walls are crucial for withstanding high pressure from systemic circulation and maintaining blood flow to all body tissues.
Choice D rationale
The pulmonary artery is a large artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. Unlike other arteries, it carries deoxygenated blood, a key distinction. It branches extensively within the lungs to facilitate gas exchange, and its pressure is considerably lower than the systemic arterial pressure.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The kidney is not traditionally classified as a primary endocrine gland because its main function is waste filtration and fluid balance. However, it plays a significant endocrine role by producing erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production, and renin, which is crucial for blood pressure regulation via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Choice B rationale
The pancreas is a dual-function gland, possessing both exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin) functions. Its endocrine role involves regulating blood glucose levels, making it a primary endocrine gland.
Choice C rationale
The thyroid gland is a classic endocrine gland that produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), vital for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. It is directly regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland.
Choice D rationale
The parathyroid glands are endocrine glands located near the thyroid, primarily responsible for secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the blood.
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