________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.
Impaired use.
Redness.
Pain.
Heat.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Impaired use, while often associated with inflammation due to pain and swelling, is a functional consequence rather than a primary cardinal sign. The classic cardinal signs, established by Celsus and later Galen, are rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain), representing direct physiological responses at the site of inflammation.
Choice B rationale
Redness (rubor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation caused by vasodilation of local arterioles. This increased blood flow, a process called hyperemia, brings more red blood cells to the affected tissue, resulting in the characteristic erythematous appearance. This physiological response is crucial for delivering immune cells and mediators.
Choice C rationale
Pain (dolor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation resulting from the stimulation of nociceptors by chemical mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandins, and substance P. This sensory input signals tissue damage and helps to protect the injured area by limiting movement and promoting rest.
Choice D rationale
Heat (calor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation, primarily due to increased blood flow (hyperemia) to the affected area. The dilated arterioles bring more warm blood from the body's core to the surface, raising the local temperature and contributing to the overall inflammatory response.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice D rationale
Hyposecretion, or inadequate hormone release, can indeed result from a combination of factors. Tumors or lesions directly destroying glandular tissue (primary hyposecretion), interference with the gland's ability to receive stimulating signals (secondary hyposecretion), or inadequate trophic hormone stimulation from a higher center all lead to insufficient hormone production.
Choice A rationale
Tumors or lesions that destroy an endocrine gland directly impair its ability to synthesize and secrete hormones, leading to primary hyposecretion. For example, damage to pancreatic islet cells can cause insufficient insulin production, leading to diabetes mellitus.
Choice B rationale
Tumors or lesions that interfere with a gland's ability to receive signals from another gland, such as the pituitary, result in secondary hyposecretion. If the adrenal cortex cannot respond to ACTH due to receptor damage, it will not produce sufficient corticosteroids.
Choice C rationale
Inadequate stimulation of the gland, such as insufficient release of a trophic hormone from the pituitary or hypothalamus, leads to insufficient hormone production. For example, if the pituitary does not release enough TSH, the thyroid gland will exhibit hyposecretion of thyroid hormones.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle. The pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Therefore, the mitral valve opening and pulmonary valve closing do not directly correlate with left ventricular contraction in this manner.
Choice B rationale
The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, it is not directly involved with the right AV valve or the pulmonary valve in this specific coordinated sequence.
Choice C rationale
The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) is in the right side of the heart, controlling blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The aortic valve is on the left side of the heart. These two valves do not coordinate in this manner during left ventricular contraction.
Choice D rationale
When the left ventricle contracts during systole, the pressure within the ventricle rises. This increased pressure pushes open the aortic valve, allowing blood to be ejected into the aorta. Simultaneously, the increased ventricular pressure forces the mitral (bicuspid) valve to close, preventing blood from flowing backward into the left atrium.
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