________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.
Impaired use.
Redness.
Pain.
Heat.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Impaired use, while often associated with inflammation due to pain and swelling, is a functional consequence rather than a primary cardinal sign. The classic cardinal signs, established by Celsus and later Galen, are rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain), representing direct physiological responses at the site of inflammation.
Choice B rationale
Redness (rubor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation caused by vasodilation of local arterioles. This increased blood flow, a process called hyperemia, brings more red blood cells to the affected tissue, resulting in the characteristic erythematous appearance. This physiological response is crucial for delivering immune cells and mediators.
Choice C rationale
Pain (dolor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation resulting from the stimulation of nociceptors by chemical mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandins, and substance P. This sensory input signals tissue damage and helps to protect the injured area by limiting movement and promoting rest.
Choice D rationale
Heat (calor) is a cardinal sign of inflammation, primarily due to increased blood flow (hyperemia) to the affected area. The dilated arterioles bring more warm blood from the body's core to the surface, raising the local temperature and contributing to the overall inflammatory response.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart. It is typically positioned posterior to the aorta and enters the heart inferiorly, collecting blood from the lower extremities and abdominal organs, and its walls are thinner and less muscular compared to arterial structures.
Choice B rationale
The superior vena cava is a large vein that transports deoxygenated blood from the upper body, including the head, neck, and upper limbs, to the right atrium of the heart. It is situated anterior and to the right of the aorta in the mediastinum, and its venous structure distinguishes it from the thick-walled arterial vessels.
Choice C rationale
The aorta is the largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it branches into smaller arteries. Its thick, elastic walls are crucial for withstanding high pressure from systemic circulation and maintaining blood flow to all body tissues.
Choice D rationale
The pulmonary artery is a large artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. Unlike other arteries, it carries deoxygenated blood, a key distinction. It branches extensively within the lungs to facilitate gas exchange, and its pressure is considerably lower than the systemic arterial pressure.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The spleen is primarily involved in filtering blood, removing old red blood cells, and housing immune cells. While it plays a role in blood storage and immune responses, it is not a primary site for the synthesis of most clotting factors, which are complex proteins.
Choice B rationale
Red bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis, the production of all blood cells, including platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes. However, it does not synthesize most of the plasma clotting factors; rather, it produces the cellular components involved in coagulation.
Choice C rationale
Perivascular tissue surrounds blood vessels and contains various cell types, including fibroblasts and adipocytes. While these tissues can contribute to local inflammatory responses or tissue repair, they are not major sites for the systemic synthesis of plasma clotting factors.
Choice D rationale
The kidneys play a vital role in blood filtration, waste excretion, and regulation of blood pressure and erythropoiesis (via erythropoietin). However, the kidneys do not synthesize the majority of the plasma clotting factors required for hemostasis.
Choice E rationale
The liver is the primary site for the synthesis of most plasma clotting factors, including fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, IX, X, and others. Hepatocytes in the liver are responsible for the complex protein synthesis required for the coagulation cascade, making it critical for hemostasis.
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